专业英语-有机物命名

NomenclatureoforganiccompoundsByXingwangZhouNomenclatureofsaturatedhydrocarbonsandtheirradicals饱和烃及基团的命名•Hydrocarbonsarecomposedentirelyofcarbonandhydrogenatomsbondedtoeachotherbycovalentbonds.•Severalseriesofhydrocarbonsareknown.Theseincludethealkanes,alkenes,alkynes,andaromatichydrocarbons.•Itisnecessarytolearnthenamesofthefirst10membersofthealkaneseriesasthesenamesareused,withslightmodifications,forcorrespondingcompoundsbelongingtootherclasses.Alkanes烃•AlkanesareacyclichydrocarbonsofgeneralformulaCnH2n+2•Thecarbonatomsarearrangedinchainsthatareeitherbranchedorunbranched.Rule-1SaturatedunbranchedacyclichydrocarbonsThefirstfoursaturatedunbranchedacyclichydrocarbonsarecalledmethane,ethane,propaneandbutane.饱和直链非环状烃Namesofthehighermembersofthisseriesconsistofanumericalterm,followedby“-ane”withelisionofterminal“a”fromthenumericalterm.alkane=“Numericalterm”+ane碳数中文英文10癸烷decane1甲烷methane11十一烷undecane2乙烷ethane12十二烷dodecane3丙烷propane13十三烷tridecane4丁烷butane14十四烷tetradecane5戊烷pentane15十五烷pentadecane6己烷hexane16十六烷hexadecane7庚烷heptane17十七烷heptadecane8辛烷octane18十八烷octadecane9壬烷nonane19十九烷nonadecaneRulealkyls=AlkylradicalshavethegeneralformulaCnH2n+1.Thenameoftheradicalisformedfromthenameofthecorrespondingalkanebysimplydropping“-ane”andsubstitutinga“-yl”ending.Asaclass,theseradicalsarecalledalkyls.烷基：将烷烃结尾的“ane”换为“yl”“alkane+yl”常见基团基团中文名基团英文名构造式甲基methyl-CH3乙基ethyl-CH2CH3丙基propyl-CH2CH2CH3丁基butyl-CH2(CH2)2CH3戊基pentyl-CH2(CH2)3CH3IUPACrulesfornamingalkanesI.Selectthelongestcontinuouschainofcarbonatomsastheparentcompound,andconsiderallalkylattachedtoitasbranchchainsthathavereplacedhydrogenatomsoftheparenthydrocarbon.II.NumberthecarbonatomsintheparentcarbonchainfromtheendthatgivesthelowestnumberstothebranchchainsII.Nameeachbranchchainalkylgroupanddesignateitspositionontheparentcarbonchainbyanumber.IUPACrulesfornamingalkanesIV.Whenthesamealkylgroupbranchchainoccursmorethanonce,indicatethisbyaprefix,di-,tri-,tetra-,andsoforth,writteninfrontofthealkylgroupname.Thenumbersindicatingthepositionsofthesealkylgroupsareplacedinfrontofthename.V.Iftwoormoresidechainsofdifferentnaturearepresent,theyarecitedinalphabeticalorder.(e.g.,3-ethyl-4-methyloctane).Training2-甲基丁烷2-甲基-3-乙基庚烷2-methylbutane3-ethylheptane2,4,8-trimethylnonane3-ethyl-2-methylheptane2,3-dimethylpentaneCH3CH3CH3Thefollowingnamesareretainedforunsubstitutedhydrocarbonsonly:下列未取代的碳氢化合物的名称保留正n-异iso-新neo-CH3CH2CHCH3CH3CH3CCH3CH3CH3n-pentaneiso-pentaneneo-pentaneisobutane、isohexane2-methylbutane2,2-dimethylpropane32223CHCHCHCHCH基团中文名基团英文名构造式异丙基isopropyl-CH（CH3)2异丁基isobutyl-CH2CH（CH3)2叔丁基Tert-butyl-CH2CH2CH(CH3)2新戊基neopentyl-CH2C(CH3)3Thefollowingnamesareretainedforunsubstitutedradicalsonly:下列未取代的基团的名称保留4-Isobutyl-2,5-dimethylheptane4-（2-methylpropyl)-2,5-dimethylheptane“异”（iso-）、“仲”(sec-)、“叔”（tert-）、“新”（neo-）Training3,3-dimethylpentane4-ethyl-2-methylhexane4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane4,4-diisopropylheptane5,5-bis(l,2-dimethylpropyl)nonane3,3-二甲基戊烷2-甲基-4-乙基已烷2,2-二甲基-4-乙基已烷4,4-二异丙基庚烷5,5-二（1,2-二甲基丙基）壬烷Differentormodifiedprefixesareusedwithcomplexsubstituents:bis-,tris-,tetrakis-;Nomenclatureofunsaturatedcompoundsandunivalentradicals不饱和化合物及一价基团的命名Unsaturatedunbranchedacyclichydrocarbonshavingonedouble(triple)bondarenamedbyreplacingtheending“-ane”ofthenameofthecorrespondingsaturatedhydrocarbonwiththeending“-ene”.“-yne”.“-adiyne”,“-atriyne”.Iftherearetwoormoredoublebonds,theendingwillbe“-adiene”,“-atriene”.AlkenesandAlkynesThepresenceofoneormoredoubleortriplebondsinanotherwisesaturatedparenthydrideisdenotedbychangingthe“-ane”endingofthenameofasaturatedparenthydridetooneofthefollowings.OneTwoThreeDoublebond-ene-adiene-atrieneTriplebond-yne-adiyne-atriyneAlkenesandAlkynesThechainissonamedastogivethelowestpossiblenumberstothedouble/triplebonds.Onlythelowerlocationofadouble/triplebondiscitedinthenameofacompound.Rule-1、Rule-2323CHCHCHCHCH323CHCCCHCHpent-2-eneor2-pentenepent-2-yneor2-pentyne323CHCHCHCHCHpenta-1,3-dieneTraining4-ethyl-2-methylhept-2-ene2-ethylhex-1-ene2-hexylbuta-l,3-dieneCH3CH3CH3CH3Rule-3、4双键和三键并存Thepresenceofbothdoubleandtriplebondsissimilarlydenotedbyendingssuchas“-enyne”,“-adienyne”,etcNumbersaslowaspossiblearegiventodoubleandtriplebondsasaset,eventhoughthismayattimesgive“-yne”alowernumberthan“-ene”.Ifachoiceremains,preferenceforlowlocationisgiventothedoublebonds.ExamplesHCCCHCHCHCH2CH3CHCHCCHHexa-1,3-dien-5-ynePent-3-en-1-yneCH3CH2CH3-ethylpent-1-en-4-ynepropyne1-butyneorbut-1-yne2-butyneorbut-2-yne4-nonyneornon-4-yne5,5-dimethyl-1-hexyneor5,5-dimethylhex-1-yne5-ethyl-5-methyl-3-octyne5-ethyl-5-methyloct-3-yne3-methyl-1,4-octadiyneor3-methylocta-1,4-diyne3-penten-1-yneorpent-3-en-1-yne12345678Forthefollowingmolecules,givethecorrectname9)10)11)12)13)14)15)trans-5-octen-2-yneortrans-oct-5-en-2-ynetrans-3-hepten-1-yneortrans-hept-3-en-1-ynecis-5,6-dimethyl-3-octen-1-yneorcis-5,6-dimethyloct-3-en-1-yne1-hepten-6-yneorhept-1-en-6-yne5-methyl-5-propyl-1-hepten-6-yneor5-methyl-5-propylhept-1-en-6-ynecis-2-octen-4-yneorcis-oct-2-en-4-yne3-bu