英国文学选读名词解释

1.epic史诗Anepicisalongoralnarrativepoemthatoperatesonagrandscaleanddealswithlegendaryorhistoricaleventsofnationaloruniversalsignificance.Mostepicsdealwiththeexploitsofasingleindividualandalsointerlacethemainnarrativewithmyths,legends,folktalesandpastevents;thereisacompositeeffect,theentirecultureofacountrycoheringintheoverallexperienceofthepoem.Epicpoemsarenotmerelyentertainingstoriesoflegendaryorhistoricalheroes;theysummarizeandexpressthenatureoridealsofanentirenationatasignificantorcrucialperiodofitshistory.2.caesura停顿abreakorpauseinalineofpoetry,dictatedbythenaturalrhythmofthelanguageandsometimesenforcedbypunctuation.InOldEnglishverse,suchasBeowulf,thecaesurawasusedrathermonotonouslytoindicatethehalfline.3.alliteration头韵therepetitionofthesamesoundorsoundsatthebeginningoftwoormorewordsthatareclosetoeachother.ItisafeatureofBeowulfandotherOldEnglishpoems.4.alliterativeverse头韵诗poetrywritteninalliteration.NearlyallOldEnglishverse,includingBeowulf,isheavilyalliterative,andthepatternisfairlystandard–witheithertwoorthreestressedsyllablesineachlinealliterating.5.kenning隐喻语ametaphorusuallycomposedoftwowordsandusedfordescriptionandassociation.Beowulfisfullofkennings,suchas“helmetbearer”for“warrior”and“swanroad”for“sea”.6.protagonist主角theprincipalcharacterofadramaorfiction.HamletistheprotagonistofWilliamShakespeare’sdramaHamlet.7.antagonist反角Indramaorfictiontheantagonistopposestheheroorprotagonist.InHamletClaudiusisantagonisttoHamlet.8.romance传奇atypeofliteraturethatwaspopularintheMiddleAges,usuallycontainingadventuresandreflectingthespiritofchivalry.SirGawainandtheGreenKnightwasagreatverseromance,butitsauthorremainsunknown.9.bobandwheel诗节末尾的短行与叠唱arhymingsectionoffivelinesthatconcludesastanzainSirGawainandtheGreenKnight.The“bob”isaveryshortline,sometimesofonlytwosyllables,followedbythe“wheel”,longerlineswiththreestressesandinternalthyme.10.poet’scorner诗人角apartofWestminsterAbbey,London,whichcontainsthetombsormonumentsofsomefamousEnglishpoets,suchasGeoffreyChaucerandJohnMilton.11.heroiccouplet英雄双韵体Twosuccessivelinesofrhymedpoetryiniambicpentameter.GeoffreyChaucer’s叮叮小文库2masterpieceTheCanterburyTalewaswritteninheroiccouplet.NamedfromitsusebyDrydenandothersintheheroicdramaofthelate17thcentury,theheroiccouplethadbeenestablishedmuchearlierbyChaucerasamajorEnglishverse-formfornarrativeandotherkindsofnon-dramaticportry:itdominatedEnglishpoetryofthe18thcentury,notablyinthecoupletsofPope,beforedeclininginimportanceintheearly19thcentury.12.balladmeter民谣体traditionallyafour-linestanzacontainingalternatingfour-stressandthree-stresslines,usuallywitharefrainandtherhymeschemeofabcb.RobertBurns’“ARed,RedRose”isagreatloveballad.13.refrain叠句，副歌aphrase,lineorlinesrepeatedatintervalsduringapoemandespeciallyattheendofastanza.ItisveryoftenfoundinEnglishballads,suchasRobertBurns’“ARed,RedRose”.14.EnglishRenaissance英国文艺复兴theliteraryfloweringofEnglandinthelate16thcenturyandearly17thcentury,withhumanismasitskeynote.WilliamShakespeare’sHamletisconsideredthesummitofthisrenaissance.Renaissance(文艺复兴)Theword“renaissance”meansrebirthorrevival.Itiscommonlyappliedtothemovementorperiodinwesterncivilization,whichmarksthetransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.ItsprangupfirstinItalyinthe14thcenturyandgraduallyspreadalloverEurope,thedatedifferingfordifferentcountries.TheRenaissanceindicatesarevivalofclassical(GreekandRoman)artsandsciencesafterthedarkagesofmedievalobscurantism.Thestudyandpropagationofclassicallearningandartwascarriedonbytheprogressivethinkersofthehumanists.Theyheldtheirchiefinterestnotinecclesiasticalknowledge,butinman,hisenvironmentanddoingsandhisbravefightfortheemancipationofmanfromthetyrannyofthechurchandreligiousdogmas.BecauseintheancientGreekandRomanmythologywerefoundtheideasofuniversallove,respecttohumanbeingsandapprovalofman’spower,abilityandknowledge.Andatthesametimeworldlyenjoymentontheearthwasaffirmed.Inshort,manbecamethecenteroftheworldinsteadofGodasupheldintheMiddleAges.TheRenaissanceMovementisagreatrevolutioncarriedoutinthefourteenthtothemid-seventeenthcenturyEurope.Itbrokethechainandbondageoffeudalandtheologicaltiesandbroughthumanwisdomandcapacityintofullplay.15.Elizabethanliterature伊丽莎白时代的文学literaturewrittenintheElizabethanAge(1558-1603).WilliamShakespeare’sRomeoandJulietwasamasterpieceofthisperiod.16.sonnet十四行诗afixedformconsistingoffourteenlinesof5-footiambicverse.ItfirstflourishedinItalyinthe14thcentury.WilliamShakespearewasagreatEnglishsonnetwriterfamousforhis154sonnets.17.iambicpentameter五步抑扬格叮叮小文库3thebasiclineinEnglishverse,withfivefeetinaline,usuallyanunaccentedsyllablefollowedbyanaccentedsyllable.ItwasprobablyintroducedbyGeoffreyChaucerandcertainlyestablishedbyhiminTheCanterburyTales.18.meter格律thepatternofstressedandunstressedsyllablesinverse.InEnglishversealinemayhaveafixednumberofsyllablesandyethaveavaryingnumberofstresses;thecommonestmeterisiambic.WilliamShakespeare’ssonnetsarewritteniniambic.19.foot音步agroupofsyllablesformingametricalunit.Wemeasurefeetintermsofsyllablevariation:longandshortsyllables,stressedandunst