英语词汇学知识点整理

词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter1一、Word词的定义(1)aminimalfreeform（最小的自由形式）(2)asoundunity(3)asemanticunity（meaning）(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.（具有句法功能）二、Vocabulary词汇的定义Allthewordsinalanguagemakeupwhatisgenerallyknownasvocabulary.一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。词的总和构成语言的词汇。词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义Theconnectionbetweenthesound(form)andmeaningisarbitrary(任意的)andconventional.二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound&Form发音和形式(1)Thewrittenformofanaturallanguageistheorthographical（正字的）recordoftheoralform.自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。(2)Thereasonsofdifferencesoccurbetweensoundandform:发音与形式不同的原因：①EnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans英语字母表来自罗马②thepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears.发音改变快速③Differencescreatedbyprofessionalscribes.专业抄写员的不同④Moredifferencesbroughtbythecontinuingchangeofsoundsandthestandardizationofspelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。⑤borrowing:wordswereborrowedfromotherlanguagessuchasLatin,Greek,French,etc.外来词五、ClassificationofWords词的分类①BasicWordsThebasicvocabularyhasthefollowingcharacteristics:基本词汇特点：1.Allnationalcharacter全民性(indispensabletoallthepeoplewhospeakthelanguage).2.Stability稳定性（relativelystableorunchanged）3.Productivity多产性（formnewwordsincombinationwithotherrootsandaffixes)4.Polysemy多义性5.Collocability搭配性②Non-basicWordsNon-basicvocabulary:terminology,jargon,slang,argot,dialectalwords,archaisms,neologisms.非基本词包含：专业术语、行话、俚语、黑话、方言、古语、新词。①ContentWords/Fullwords/Nationalwords：Theydenoteclearnotions.能够表达清楚的含义②Functionalwords/Emptywords/Formwords：Theyshowtherelationbetweennotions.显示了与概念之间的关系①NativeWords：Anglo-SaxonwordsbroughtbytheGermanictribessuchasAngles,SaxonsandtheJutes.②BorrowedWords：loanwordsorborrowings.Englishhasadoptedalmostallthemajorlanguagesintheworld.ItincludesDenizens同化词Aliens非同化词Translationloans译借词Semanticloans借义词Chapter2一、TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily印欧语系(1)TheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilyismadeupofmostlanguagesofEurope,theNearEast,andIndia.印欧语系是由欧洲、近东和印度的大部分语言组成的。(2)TheclassificationofIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily:①TheEasternSet②TheWesternSet（Germanic）二、ThreephasesoftheVocabularyDevelopment词汇发展三阶段(1)OldEnglish(450-1150)特点：Ithasasmallvocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.词汇量小IthassmallnumberofborrowingscamefromLatinandScandinavian.拉丁/斯堪的纳维亚外来词少Itisahighlyinflectedlanguage.(ithasthewordsfullofendings.)完整词尾(2)MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)特点：Ithasacomparativelylargevocabulary;词汇量相对较大IthasabsorbedatremendousnumberofforeignwordsmainlyfromFrenchandLatin;吸收大量发育和拉丁词汇Wordendingsbecomeleveled.词尾扁平(3)ModernEnglish(1500uptothepresent)特点：ithasahugeandheterogeneousvocabulary;巨大且多样的词汇Ithastremendousborrowings;许多外来词Ithaswordswithlostendings.词尾消失三、GeneralCharacteristic一般特征(1)Receptivity,adaptabilityandheterogeneity接受性、适应性、异质性(2)Simplicityofinflection简洁性、屈折性(3)Relativelyfixedword-order相对固定的语序四、ForeignElementsintheEnglishVocabulary英语词汇中的外来成分(1)主要外来成分：拉丁、希腊、法语、斯堪的纳维亚语(2)次要外来成分：意大利语、日耳曼语、荷兰语、西班牙和葡萄牙语、凯尔特语五、GrowthofContemporaryEnglishVocabulary当代英语词汇的发展ModesofVocabularyDevelopment发展方式：Creation创词Semanticchange旧词新义Borrowing借词Chapter3一、Morphemes词素(1)词素的定义：Itisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小的构词单位。(2)词素的特点：①Allthemorphemeshavetheirownmeanings,buttheycannotbefurtherdivided,otherwisetheywillnotmakeanysense.所有的词素都有自己的意义；它们不能再细分了，否则将会没有任何意义。②Morphemesmayhavesomevariants.词素可能会有一些变。e.g.-ation.Mayalsobe-tion,-sion,-ion,buttheybelongtothesamesuffixbecausetheyhavethesamemeaningandgrammaticalfunction.二、MorphsandAllomorphs形素和词素变体(1)形素的定义：Thephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesaretermed‘morphs’.体现词素的语音串和拼写字节被称为形素。(2)形素与词素的关系：Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs.词素是抽象的单位，是由分立的形素在话语中具体实现的。(3)词素变体：Anallomorphreferstoamemberofasetofmorphs,whichrepresentonemorpheme.词素变体指一套形素中的一个成员，表征一个词素。总结：语言中最小的不可再分的意义单位是词素。morpheme又可称为形位、语素等。词素是抽象的，它是通过形素morph表现出来的。词素还有变体形式，在语言学中称为词素变体allomorph。三、ClassifyingMorphemes词素分类(1)intermsoftheircapacityofoccurringalone根据能否独立出现分类Freevs.boundmorphemes自由词素/粘着词素Freemorphemes(自由词素)：Morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesarefree.Freemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.自由词素是能独立运用的词素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。举例：man,wind,open,tour自由词素都是词根,也叫自由词根,能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素。Boundmorphemes(粘着词素)：Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction.粘着词素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他词素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。粘着词素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。举例：boundroot:-dict-,-ced-affix:-ion,-ist,-ic(2)onthebasisofthecapacityofformingnewwords根据能否构成新词分类Derivationalvs.inflectionalmorphemes派生词素/屈折词素Derivationalmorphemes(派生词素)Derivationalmorphemesareusedtoderivenewwordswhentheyareaddedtoanothermorpheme.InEnglishderivativesandcompoundsareallformedbysuchmorphemes.派生词素附着于其它词素可派生出新词。英语中派生词都是由这样的词素构成的。派生词素的特点：改变词干的意义和词性表明单词内的语义出现在一些词类里的部分语素中在任何屈折词缀添加之前出现Inflectionalmorphemes(屈折词素)Inflectionalmorphemesindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.Inflectionalmorphemesareconfinedtosuffixes.屈折词素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，屈折语素只限于词缀。屈折词素的特点：