英语写作课件3

InternalStructureofanEssayCompareandContrast•Awell-writtenessayhasalogicalflow•AllessaysshouldhaveanIntroduction,Developmentsection,andaConclusion.3stepstoselectingtheinternalstructure1.Selectthewritingtypetoclarifythepurpose:(p54)•Description:paintingapictureinwordsofaperson,place,object,orscene.•Narration:togiveanaccountofaneventoraseriesofevents.•Exposition:expoundingorexplaining.•Argumentation:toconvince.2.Selectthestructurethatbestsuitsthepurposeoftheessay:•Description:space•Narration:timeorderorprocess•Exposition&Argumentation:•illustration•divisionandclassification•comparisonandcontrast•causeandeffect•definition3.Selectthelogicalordertopresenttheinformation:•PointbyPoint•SubjectbySubjectCompareandContrast•Thewriterexplainsorclarifiesoneofthefollowingthreepurposes:•Toshowthereaderthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentwothingstohelpthereaderunderstandorevaluatethem;•Toshowthesuperiorityofonethingbycomparingitwithanother;or•Topresentinformationaboutsomethingunfamiliarbycomparingitwithsomethingfamiliar.•Doyouhaveacomputer?Doyouhaveagirlfriendorwife?Ifyouhavebothofthem,youwillfindthattheyhavemuchincommon.•Whenyouhaveagirlfriendorawife,nomatterhownicesheis,therewillalwaysbesomeonewhoseemsnicerthanshe,butyoustillloveherandbelievesheisthebest.Ifyoubuyacomputer,youcancertainlyfindmanyothersintheshopwindowswhicharemuchmorecapableandrunmuchfaster.But,yourownoneisstilltheoneyoulikemost.•Ifagirlisangrywithyou,shenevertellsyouwhy;shejustkeepssilent.Whencomputersrefusetowork,theydon'ttellyouthereasoneither.Theyjustsay,Error!Youhavetofindoutwhatiswrongallbyyourself.Girlsandcomputersarebotheasytogetangry.And,it'salwaysyourfault.•Well,ifyouhaveacomputer,don'tcomplaintoomuch.Takeyourmedicinelikeaman,becausesheisagirl!Keepinmindthefollowingguidelines•Onlyitemsofthesamegeneralclassshouldbecompared.Goodcompareandcontrastwritingtellsthereadernottheobviousbutthesignificantsimilaritiesanddifferences.•Compareandcontrastwritingshouldbesupportedbyconcreteevidenceandrelevantfacts.•Compareandcontrastwritingshouldmakeapoint.•Theinformationshouldbebalanced.Eachitemshouldbegivenequaltreatment,eitherpoint-by-point,orsubject-by-subject.PointbyPoint•Discusseseachitem/subjectundereachofthepointsthewriterismaking•WhenwritingaboutSchoolXandSchoolY:•I.StudentBody•A.SchoolXB.SchoolY•II.TeachingStaff•A.SchoolXB.SchoolY•III.LibraryandotherFacilities•A.SchoolXB.SchoolY•IV.Campus•A.SchoolXB.SchoolYSubjectbySubject•Discussallofthevariousaspectsofonesubjectbeforemovingontothenextsubject•SchoolX•StudentBody•TeachingStaff•LibraryandotherFacilities•Campus•SchoolY•StudentBody•TeachingStaff•LibraryandotherFacilities•CampusPractice:Writeanoutline•TheCountryversustheCity•Consideringthedifferencesbetweenthecountryandthecity,Iwouldmuchratherliveinthecountrythanthecity.•Inthecountry,Icanhearthepleasant,relaxingsoundsofbirdssinging.Icanbreatheclean,freshairandenjoythebluesky,greengrassandtrees,andcolorfulflowers.Icanseerabbitshoppingaroundthebackyardandsquirrelsplayinginthetrees.•Inthecity,however,Iwouldbedeniedallthis.Instead,Iwouldhearthenerve-wreckingsoundsofcitytraffic:screechingbrakes,rumblingtrucks,andblaringhorns.Iwouldbreatheonlypollutedair,fullofexhaustfumesandfactorysmoke.Therewouldbeonlycrowded,litteredstreetsandsidewalkstolookat,andtheonlyanimalsIwouldseewouldbedogsdirtyingtelephonepoles.•Citylifeisdefinitelynotforme.Outline:•Introduction•A.Countrylife–1.sound:pleasant(birdsinging,etc.)–2.air:clean–3.appearance:lively(greengrass,hoppingrabbits,etc.)•B.Citylife–1.sound:nerve-wrecking(screechingbrakes,etc.)–2.air:polluted(factorysmoke,etc.)–3.appearance:ugly(litteredstreets,dogsdirtyingtelephonepoles,etc.)•ConclusionWheretoStudy•OnemajordecisionwhichfacestheAmericanstudentreadytobeginhighereducationisthechoiceofattendingalargeuniversityorasmallcollege.•Thelargeuniversityprovidesawiderangeofspecializeddepartments,aswellasnumerouscourseswithinsuchdepartments.Thesmallcollege,however,generallyprovidesalimitednumberofcoursesandspecializationsbutoffersabetterstudent-facultyratio,thuspermittingindividualizedattentiontostudents.•Becauseofitslargestudentbody(oftenexceeding20,000),theuniversityexposesitsstudentstomanydifferentcultural,social,andextracurricularprograms.Ontheotherhand,thesmallerstudentbodyofthesmallcollegeaffordsgreateropportunitiesfordirectinvolvementandindividualparticipationinsuchactivities.•Finallytheuniversitycloselyapproximatestherealworld;itprovidesarelaxed,andimpersonalexistence.Incontrast,theintimateatmosphereofthesmallcollegeallowsthestudentfouryearsofstructuredlivinginwhichtopreparefortherealworld.•Inmakinghischoiceamongeducationalinstitutionsthestudentmust,therefore,considermanyfactors.Outline:•Introduction•A.Courses–1.university:numerous–2.college:limited•B.Studentactivities–1.university:manydifferentkinds–2.college:directinvolvementandparticipation•C.Life–1.university:relaxedandimpersonal–2.college:structuredandpersonalConclusionStructurewordsofcomparison•similarly,likewise,also,too•as,justas•and•like(+noun),justlike(+noun),simil