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TwoImportantEducationReforminBritainThe1944EducationActThe1988EducationActTheEducationAct1944changedtheeducationsystemforsecondaryschoolsinEnglandandWales.ThisAct,commonlynamedaftertheConservativepoliticianR.A.Butler(巴特勒教育法),introducedtheTripartiteSystemofsecondaryeducationandmadesecondaryeducationfreeforallpupils.Thetripartitesystemconsistedofthreedifferenttypesofsecondaryschoolgrammarschools,(文法学校)secondarytechnicalschools(技术学校)andsecondarymodernschools(现代中学).Itallowedforcomprehensiveschoolswhichwouldcombinethesestrands,butinitiallyonlyafewwerefounded.Italsocreatedasystemofdirectgrantschools(直接补助学校),underwhichanumberofindependentschoolsreceivedadirectgrantfromtheMinistryofEducation.Toassesswhichpupilsshouldattendwhichschool,theytookanexamknownasthe11plusElevenplusGrammerschool(forhighmarks)secondarytechnicalschool(forthosewhofailtogethighmarks)secondarymodernschoolThisisthefirstattempttotrytocreatealesselitistschoolsystem.Buttheresultisnotgood.Workingclasschildrenstillleftschoolatayoungerageandwithfewerqualificationsthanmiddleclasschildren.Becausemiddleclasschildrenhavemoretimeandaccesstogetlearn-trainingthanthem.Inordertosolvetheproblem,thecentralgovernmentcontinuedtoexperimentwithpoliciestotrytoraisethequalityofeducationstoallpupils.Thenthecomprehensiveschoolisappearedinthe1960s.Acomprehensiveschoolisastateschoolthatdoesnotselectitsintakeonthebasisofacademicachievementoraptitude.Thisisincontrasttotheselectiveschoolsystem.Nowadays,about90%ofBritishpupilsattendcomprehensiveschools.Thenisthe1988Actwhichmakestheeducationsystemmorereasonable.TheEducationReformActof1988iswidelyregardedasthemostimportantsinglepieceofeducationlegislationsincethe'Butler'EducationAct1944.(ItalsoformsthebasisfortheUnitedStates'NoChildLeftBehindActof2001.ThemainprovisionsoftheEducationReformActareasfollows:Ⅰ、GrantMaintainedSchools(GMS)wereintroduced.Primaryandsecondaryschoolscould,removethemselvesfullyfromtheirrespectiveLocalEducationAuthoritiesandwouldbecompletelyfundedbycentralgovernment.Ⅱ、Localmanagementofschools(LMS)wasintroduced.ThispartoftheActallowedallschoolstobetakenoutofthedirectfinancialcontrolofLocalAuthorities.Financialcontrolwouldbehandedtotheheadteacherandgovernorsofaschool.Ⅲ、TheNationalCurriculum(NC)wasintroduced.Ⅳ、‘KeyStages’(KS)wereintroducedinschools.Ateachkeystageanumberofeducationalobjectivesweretobeachieved.Ⅴ、Anelementofchoicewasintroduced,whereparentscouldspecifywhichschoolwastheirpreferredchoice.Ⅵ、Leaguetables,publishingtheexaminationresultsofschools,wereintroduced.Ⅶ、Controlsontheuseoftheword'degree'wereintroducedwithrespecttoUKbodies.1988年教育改革法的主要规定包括:1.引进直接拨款公立学校(Grant-maintainedschool,GMS)。中小学可以摆脱各自地方政府的影响,直接得到中央政府的完全资助。2.引进地方学校管理(LocalManagementofSchools,LMS)。法案允许所有学校脱离地方政府直接的财政控制,财政权交给校长3.引进国家课程(NationalCurriculum,NC)。4.在学校引进“关键阶段”(KeyStage,KS)。在每个关键阶段必须达到规定的教育目标。5.引进选择要素(elementofchoice),父母可指定哪所学校是其首选目标。6.引进成绩名次表,发布考试成绩。The1988Actmakeseducationmorecommercial,Goodschoolsattractgoodpupilsandthereforeattractmorefunding.Morefundingmeanstheycanhirebetterteachers,buymorebooksandthereforeproduceevenbetterpupils.Inaconclusion,thetwoeducationreformsmakeagreatcontributiontoBritain’seducationsystem.Thankyou!
本文标题:The-Education-Act
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