2018年中国农业大学西方文化入门期末考试复习题纲

ReviewforfinaltestofSurveyofWesternCivilizationChapter1TheAncientNearEast:thefirstcivilizations1)TheNeolithicRevolution(p2-3)2)Cuneiform+TheEpicofGilgamesh+3mostpreciousgifts+theCodeofHammurabi(p3-5)3)Egyptians:Greatpyramidsandmummification:Preparationsfor+journeytotheafterlife(p6-7)Chapter2.TheCivilizationoftheGreeks1)Minoanculture,Mycenaeancivilization(p9-10)2)Greekmythologyandreligion:somechiefgodsandgoddesses,theOlympicGamesandtheOracleofApolloatDelphi(p15-16)3)Homer’sIliadandOdyssey:TheTrojanWar,Achilles,Hector,Paris,AgamemnonandOdysseus.(p16-17)4)Sapphoandherlyricalpoems(p18)5)ThewritingofHistory:HerodotusandThucydides(p19)6)Greekdrama:Aeschylus(Oresteia,Agamemnon);Sophocles(Oedipustheking,Antigone);Euripides(Medea,theTrojanWomen)andAristophanes(Clouds,Wasps)(p20-22)7)Pre-SocraticphilosophersThales(introducedgeometryandastronomytoGreece,ideaaboutuniversewasbasedonwater,explainedearthquake)Heraclitus:basicelementisfire,everythingwasinconstantchangeEmpedocles:fourultimateelementsDemocritus:everythingwascomposedbyatomsPythagoras:discoveredthemathematicalbasisofmusicalharmony.Believehumanhavesoulp23)Sophists诡辩家Socrates:thefirstmantoputethicsattheheartofhisphilosophy,hesaidheknownothinglearnfromother,realknowledgeiswithineachperson,criticalexamination,educationisthekindlingofflamePlato:howdoweknowwhatisreal,idealforms,therepublic,establishedAthensAcademyAristotle:oursensegiveusknowledge,analyzingandclassification,firsttoshowformulainalgebra,founderoftheformallogic(p23-25)Chapter3.TheHellenisticWorld1)TheGoldenAgeofScienceinHellenisticAge:Aristarchus:Hellenisticcopernicus提出日心说eartharoundsunPtolemy:hiswritingAlmagestsaidthatallbodiesaroundtheearthEuclid:ElementsofGeometryArchimedes:workongeometryofspheresandcylinders,constantpi,creatingthescienceofhydrostatics,importanceoflevers杆杆Apollonius：Conics圆锥,termsellipse椭圆parabola抛物线Hippocrates：laidthefoundationsofmedicalmethodinthefifthcentury(p29-30)2)PhilosophyintheHellenisticAgeEpicureanism:其学说的主要宗旨就是要达到不受干扰的宁静状态，并要学会快乐。Influencedbyatomictheory,enjoysimplepleasure,ignoretheoutsideworld,hesaidwemustreleaseourselvesfromtheprisonofaffairsandpolitics.StoicismZeno:famousfortheStoa画廊，peoplecouldbehappywithnature,peopleshouldjoinpoliticsandaffairs.Everyonewasequalinhumandignityandinhumanity.Chapter4.TheRomanCivilization1)FoundingLegendsAeneasaprinceofTroy,RomewasbuiltbytwinbrothersRomulus,RemustheywereabandonedTiberRiver,RomuluskilledRemus2)theRepublic,thesecondPunicwars(p36-38)Hannibal,RomevsCarthage,218-210BC,FabiusMaximus,battleofZama3)JuliusCaesar(p40-41)In60BC,Caesarjoinandformcoalition,callfirstTriumvirate4)thePrincipateandOctavian(p41-42)Augustusasprinceps,Octavianproclaimedtherestorationoftherepublic.Senateawardedhimthetitleaugust.5)MajorCausesofRome’sDecline+TheadoptionofChristianity(p43-44)Themostreasonwasthelackofaclearlawofsuccession.Politicalweaknessdidnotinvolveenoughpeopleworkofgovernment.Economicreason,manpowershortage,haveproblemtostayonthefarm.plagues瘟疫therewasreligiousproblem.EmperorConstantine,protestchritianityandpromoteiteverywhere.UndertheTheodosiusitbecamestatereligion.6)Romanlaw(p45-46)7)LiteratureinRomanRepublic:CatullusRomesbestlyricpoetCicerooratormixedconstitutionthreesimplegoodforms8)TheGoldenAgeofLatinLiterature:Virgil(Aeneid);Ovid(Metamorphoses),Livy(HistoryofRome)(p47-49)9)TheSilverAgeofLatinLiterature:Juvenalbreadandcircuses,whowillsupervisethesupervisors10)LuciusApuleius(TheGoldenAss);Tacitus(TacitusTrap,Germania)(p49-50)11)EntertainmentsofRomans:theGladiatorialShowsandchariotraces(p50-51)Chapter5TheRiseofChristianityandtheEmergenceoftheMedievalWorld1)TheJewishBackground:Abraham,Moses,David重建以色列SolomonTEMPLEin耶路撒冷,exileinBabylon,theTenCommandmentsandtheprophets(p53-56)旧约TheimportanceofPaulreachedouttonon-jewsandtransformedchristanityfromjewishsectintoabroaderreligiousmovement.(p58)2)Christianideaofhellandtheafterlife(p59)3)SaintAugustineandhisworks(p60)Thecityofgod,Thecityofworld4)ContentsoftheBible:Theoldtestament,Thenewtestament(p62)Chapter6EuropeanCivilizationintheMiddleAges1)CharlemagneandtheCarolingianEmpire(p64-65)768-814,in800popleodeclaredhimemperoroftheromans.2)Feudalism:theEmergingWorldofLordsandVassals(p67-68)3)Theknightsandchivalry;Thecrusades(p69-70)Chivalrydefendingthechurchandthedefenseless,totreatcaptivesashonoredguests,fightonlyforglory,neverattackapersonfrombehind,onlyfightequalsinrank.4)MagnaCarta(theGreatCharterP71)5)TheRiseofUniversities:UniversityofBolognain1088,theUniversityofParis,theUniversityofOxfordandtheUniversityofCambridge(p73)6)TheDevelopmentofScholasticism:ThomasAquinas(p74)SummaofTheology7)TheDevelopmentofVernacularLiterature:Dante(theDivineComedy),GeoffreyChaucer(theCanterburyTales),ChristinedePizan(theBookoftheCityofLadies)(p75)Chapter7TheRenaissanceandtheReformation1)RenaissanceHumanism(p78)FrancescoPetrarchfatherofhumanism,famousforhissonnets14行诗civichumanismHumanistwriters(,BoccaccioTHEDecameronCastiglioneTheCourtierbahaviourofgentlemenPicoOrationoftheDignityofmanfreedomofchoice(p78-79)2)Machiavell