电子信息工程专业英语翻译清华出版社English_for_IT_and_EE-02

信息科学与电子工程专业英语TechnicalEnglishForInformationScienceandElectronicEngineering信息科学与电子工程专业英语Unit2IntegratedCircuits信息科学与电子工程专业英语PartITheIntegratedCircuit3NewWordstransistor晶体管topology拓扑，布局flip-flop触发器，双稳态多谐振荡器die印模，模子silicon硅valve阀phosphorous磷的insulate绝缘，隔离bipolar有两极的，双极的doping掺杂(质)base基极germanium锗emitter发射极boron硼drain漏极field-effect场效应diode二极管collector集电极slab厚片，板层gate栅极4NewWordssource源极ceramic陶瓷protrude突出complementary互补的，补充的solder焊接，焊料51Digitallogicandelectroniccircuitsderivetheirfunctionalityfromelectronicswitchescalledtransistor.Roughlyspeaking,thetransistorcanbelikenedtoanelectronicallycontrolledvalvewherebyenergyappliedtooneconnectionofthevalveenablesenergytoflowbetweentwootherconnections.1由称为晶体管的电子开关得到它们的（各种）功能粗略地说，晶体管好似一种电子控制阀，由此加在阀一端的能量可以使能量在另外两个连接端之间流动。61Bycombiningmultipletransistors,digitallogicbuildingblockssuchasANDgatesandflip-flopsareformed.Transistors,inturn,aremadefromsemiconductors.Consultaperiodictableofelementsinacollegechemistrytextbook,andyouwilllocatesemiconductorsasagroupofelementsseparatingthemetalsandnonmetals.2查阅大学化学书中的元素周期表，你会查到半导体是介于金属与非金属之间的一类元素。71Theyarecalledsemiconductorsbecauseoftheirabilitytobehaveasbothmetalsandnonmetals.Asemiconductorcanbemadetoconductelectricitylikeametalortoinsulateasanonmetaldoes.Thesedifferingelectricalpropertiescanbeaccuratelycontrolledbymixingthesemiconductorwithsmallamountsofotherelements.可使半导体像金属那样导电，或者像非金属那样绝缘。81Thismixingiscalleddoping.Asemiconductorcanbedopedtocontainmoreelectrons(N-type)orfewerelectrons(P-type).Examplesofcommonlyusedsemiconductorsaresiliconandgermanium.PhosphorousandboronaretwoelementsthatareusedtodopeN-typeandP-typesilicon,respectively.3N型硅半导体掺入磷元素，而P型硅半导体掺入硼元素。92Atransistorisconstructedbycreatingasandwichofdifferentlydopedsemiconductorlayers.Thetwomostcommontypesoftransistors,thebipolar-junctiontransistor(BJT)andthefield-effecttransistor(FET)areschematicallyillustratedinFigure2.1.NPAnodeCathodeNNPSourceGateDrainNNPCollectorEmitterBaseCollectorBaseEmitterDrainSourceGateAnodeCathodeFETDiodeBJT图2.1给出了双极型晶体管和场效应晶体管的图示。102Thisfigureshowsboththesiliconstructuresoftheseelementsandtheirgraphicalsymbolicrepresentationaswouldbeseeninacircuitdiagram.TheBJTshownisanNPNtransistor,becauseitiscomposedofasandwichofN-P-Ndopedsilicon.Whenasmallcurrentisinjectedintothebaseterminal,alargercurrentisenabledtoflowfromthecollectortotheemitter.它们用于电路图中的符号当小电流注入基极时，可使较大的电流从集电极流向发射极。112TheFETshownisanN-channelFET,whichiscomposedoftwoN-typeregionsseparatedbyaP-typesubstrate.Whenavoltageisappliedtotheinsulatedgateterminal,acurrentisenabledtoflowfromthedraintothesource.ItiscalledN-channel,becausethegatevoltageinducesanN-channelwithinthesubstrate,enablingcurrenttoflowbetweentheN-regions.将电压加在绝缘的栅极上时，可使电流由漏极流向源极。因为栅极电压诱导基底上的N通道，使电流能在两个N区域之间流动。123AnotherbasicsemiconductorstructureshowninFigure2.1isadiode,whichisformedsimplybyajunctionofN-typeandP-typesilicon.Diodesactlikeone-wayvalvesbyconductingcurrentonlyfromPtoN.二极管的作用就像一个单向阀门，由于电流只能从P流向N。133Specialdiodescanbecreatedthatemitlightwhenavoltageisapplied.Appropriatelyenough,thesecomponentsarecalledlightemittingdiodes,orLEDs.Thesesmalllightsaremanufacturedbythemillionsandarefoundindiverseapplicationsfromtelephonestotrafficlights.这种小灯泡数以百万计地被制造出来，有各种各样的应用，从电话机到交通灯。144Theresultingsmallchipofsemiconductormaterialonwhichatransistorordiodeisfabricatedcanbeencasedinasmallplasticpackageforprotectionagainstdamageandcontaminationfromtheoutsideworld.4半导体材料上制作晶体管或二极管所形成的小芯片用塑料封装以防损伤和被外界污染。154Smallwiresareconnectedwithinthispackagebetweenthesemiconductorsandwichandpinsthatprotrudefromthepackagetomakeelectricalcontactwithotherpartsoftheintendedcircuit.从封装内伸出以便与（使用该晶体管的）电路其余部分连接。164Onceyouhaveseveraldiscretetransistors,digitallogiccanbebuiltbydirectlywiringthesecomponentstogether.Thecircuitwillfunction,butanysubstantialamountofdigitallogicwillbeverybulky,becauseseveraltransistorsarerequiredtoimplementeachofthevarioustypesoflogicgates.任何实质性的数字逻辑（电路）都将十分庞大，因为要在各种逻辑门中每实现一种都需要多个晶体管。175Atthetimeoftheinventionofthetransistorin1947byJohnBardeen,WalterBrattain,andWilliamShockley,theonlywaytoassemblemultipletransistorsintoasinglecircuitwastobuyseparatediscretetransistorsandwirethemtogether.In1959,JackKilbyandRobertNoyceindependentlyinventedameansoffabricatingmultipletransistorsonasingleslabofsemiconductormaterial.购买多个分离的晶体管，将它们连在一起。一种将多个晶体管做在同一片半导体材料上的方法185Theirinventionwouldcometobeknownastheintegratedcircuit,orIC,whichisthefoundationofourmoderncomputerizedworld.AnICissocalledbecauseitintegratesmultipletransistorsanddiodesontothesamesmallsemiconductorchip.Insteadofhavingtosolderindividualwiresbetweendiscretecomponents,anICcontainsmanysmallcomponentsthatarealreadywiredtogetherinthedesiredtopologytoformacircuit.IC包含按照形成电路所要求的拓扑结构连在一起的许多小元件，而无需再将分立元件的导线焊接起来。196AtypicalIC,withoutitsplasticorceramicpackage,isasquareorrectangularsilicondiemeasuringfrom2to15mmonanedge.DependingontheleveloftechnologyusedtomanufacturetheIC,theremaybeanywherefromadozentotensofmillionsofindividualtransistorsonthissmallchip.每一边2mm至15mm的方形或矩形硅片在这种小片上可能有几十个到几百万个晶体管2