生物质炭改良土壤及对作物效应的研究进展

20128208ChineseJournalofEco-Agriculture,Aug.2012,20(8):963−967*(2011PY048,2011PY150)**:(1976),,,,E-mail:[e-mail](1989),,,E-mail:[e-mail]:2012-03-30:2012-05-31DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00963*王典1张祥1姜存仓1**彭抒昂2(1.430070;2.430070)生物质炭是作物秸秆等有机物质在限制供氧的条件下加热而成。生物质炭具有养分含量丰富、碱性和高稳定性等特点,因此可以降低土壤酸度,有效截留土壤养分,并在一定程度上促进养分吸收而提高作物产量。本文主要综述了生物质炭制备的影响因素及其施用后对土壤理化性质、作物生长发育和养分吸收等方面的影响。由于生物质炭在国内外的研究仍处于起步阶段,研究过程中所采取的方法、所用不同来源的生物质炭以及研究的具体对象等不尽相同,研究的结果显示生物质炭在某些方面的作用仍存在不同结论。目前,生物质炭的研究多集中在表面宏观现象上,对其深入的机理研究仍较欠缺,因此,需要科技工作者的进一步探索,文章最后阐述了未来对该领域研究的一些观点。生物质炭土壤理化性质作物生长养分吸收生物量炭:S156.2:A:1671-3990(2012)08-0963-05BiocharresearchadvancesregardingsoilimprovementandcropresponseWANGDian1,ZHANGXiang1,JIANGCun-Cang1,PENGShu-Ang2(1.CollegeofResourcesandEnvironment,HuazhongAgriculturalUniversity,Wuhan430070,China;2.CollegeofHorticultureandForestrySciences,HuazhongAgriculturalUniversity,Wuhan430070,China)AbstractBiocharisproducedbyheatingcropresiduesandotherorganicsubstancesunderlimitedoxygenconditions.Becausebiocharisrichinnutrientsandhighlyalkalineandstable,ithasbeenreportedtoeffectivelyreducesoilacidity,retainsoilnutrients,promotenutrientuptakeandenhancecropyield.Thispaperreviewedprogressinbiocharresearch,which(domesticorinternational)isatinfancystage.Becauseofthedifferentmethodsofbiocharresearchandvariousbiomasscarbonresourcesfordifferentcrops,greatcontroversieshaveexistedaboutthedifferentrolesofbiochar.Atpresent,biocharresearchhasmainlyfocusedonsurfacephenomena.Asthestudyofsuchmechanismwasstillinadequate,researcherswererequiredtomakefurtherexplorationsinthisfield.Thisreviewalsodiscussedsomestrategiesandareasforfuturebiocharresearch.KeywordsBiochar,Soilphysiochemicalproperty,Cropgrowth,Nutrientuptake,Biomasscarbon(ReceivedMar.30,2012;acceptedMay31,2012),[1],,(Biochar)[2],,5×108t,,,[3][4],,[5],,[6]964201220,,[5],,1生物质炭制备的影响因素,[7],,pH[8],,,[9]YuanXu[10],45,45Gaskin[11],,,pH,,[7,12]2生物质炭对土壤理化性质的影响2.1,,,(CEC),,,,[13−15],,,,[16−17]10g·kg−1,50g·kg−1200g·kg−1,,,,[18][18],,,(200g·kg−1),,,[19][20−21][22],[23],,,[22]2.2,pH[24],Yuan[10]9,,10g·kg−19pH,,pH;,[24]20g·kg−1,,,pH,;,,,pH[25]Glaser[26],,(),8:965CEC,,CEC,,CEC,CEC[18]Laird[27],,;(CECAEC)[28]pH[29],,(CK)27000kg·hm−254000kg·hm−2375kg·hm−22.71.94.32.22.31.94.11.7,[30][31]3,CK,0~7.5cm7.5~15cm,:,,0.5%;,,,(NOx),[31]Zhang[32],N2O21%~28%,N2O40%~51%3生物质炭对作物生长发育及养分吸收的影响3.1,pHCEC,Al3+,[33]Uzoma[34],010t·hm−215t·hm−220t·hm−2,,,15t·hm−220t·hm−2Major[35]ColombianSavanna08t·hm−220t·hm−24,1,20t·hm−223428%30%140%Asai[36],,,SPAD[37],,,,,,,,[25],,,Nguyen[38](),[39],,(0.1%0.5%1.0%)21;Gundale[40],0%0.5%1.0%2.0%5.0%(2),,,,,[18]pHpH,pH[41];,[42],1,[43],,()9662012203.2VanZwieten[44]Chan[23],,[45],,0.4%1.0%2.0%4.0%0.98%26%69%140%,,,[46],,[36],,,,,,,,[47],[48],,,[25]Glaser[49],,4生物质炭的未来研究,,,;[37],,,[9],,[50],,,,[51]参考文献[1]GlaserB,HaumaierL,GuggenbergerG,etal.The“TerraPreta”phenomenon:Amodelforsustainableagricultureinthehumidtropics[J].Naturwissenschaften,2001,88(1):37–41[2].?[N].,2009–7–12(002)[3],,,.[J].,2011,39(2):278–284[4]SánchezME,LindaoE,MargaleffD,etal.Pyrolysisofag-riculturalresiduesfromrapeandsunflowers:Productionandcharacterizationofbio-fuelsandbiocharsoilmanagement[J].JournalofAnalyticalandAppliedPyrolysis,2009,85(1/2):142–144[5]JonesDL,Edwards-JonesG,MurphyDV.Biocharmediatedalterationsinherbicidebreakdownandleachinginsoil[J].SoilBiologyandBiochemistry,2011,43(4):804–813[6]LehmannJ,JosephS.Biocharforenvironmentalmanage-ment[M]//Biocharforenvironmentalmanagement,scienceandtechnology.London:Earthscan,2009:1–12[7]ChanKY,VanZwietenL,MeszarosI,etal.Usingpoultrylitterbiocharsassoilamendments[J].SoilResearch,2008,46(5):437–444[8]YuanJH,XuRK,ZhangH.Theformsofalkalisinthebio-charproducedfromcropresiduesatdifferenttemperatures[J].BioresourceTechnology,2011,102(3):3488–3497[9],,,.[J].,2012,43(6):857–861[10]YuanJH,XuRK.Theameliorationeffectsoflowtempera-turebiochargeneratedfromninecropresiduesonanacidicUltisol[J].SoilUseandManagement,2011,27(1):110–115[11]GaskinJW,SteinerC,HarrisK,etal.Effectoflow-temperaturepyrolysisconditionsonbiocharforagriculturaluse[J].TransactionsoftheAmericanSocietyofAgriculturalandBiologicalEngineers,2008,51(6):2061–2069[12]SadakaS,BoatengAA.PyrolysisandBio-oil[M].Coopera-tiveExtensionService,UniversityofArkansas,USDept.ofAgricultureandcountygovernmentscooperating,2009:1–6[13]FowlesM.Blackcarbonsequestrationasanalternativetobioenergy[J].BiomassandBioenergy,2007,31(6):426–432[14]LehmannL.Bio-energyintheblack[J].FrontiersinEcologyandtheEnvironment,2007,5(7):381–387[15]LairdDA.Thecharcoalvision:Awin-win-winscenarioforsimultaneouslyproducingbioenergy,permanentlysequesteringcarbon,whileimprovingsoilandwaterquality[J].AgronomyJournal,2008,100(1):1–4[16]LiangB,LehmannJ,SolomonD,etal.Blackcarbonin-creasescationexchangecapacityinsoils[J].SoilScienceSo-cietyofAmericaJournal,2006,70(5):1719–1730[17]ChengCH,LehmannJ,EngelhardMH.Naturaloxidationofblackcarboninsoils:Changesinmolecularformandsurfacechargealongaclimosequence[J].GeochimicaetCosmochim-icaActa,2008,72(6):1598–1610[18