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impersonal→personal星期三早上我发现妈妈哭了。Wednesdaymorningfoundmymothercrying.她想出了一个绝妙的好主意。Shehasgotasmartidea.Asmartideaoccurredtoher.工作得有趣,效率就会高;工作得很苦,效率就会低。Whenyouworkwithfun,theefficiencywillbehigh;whenyouworkverydrudgingly,theefficiencywillbelow.Workismoreefficientwhenitisfun,lessefficientwhenitisdrudgery.她最终明白了真相。Thetruthfinallydawnedonher.Bitternessfedonthemanwhohadmadetheworldlaugh.这位曾使全世界人发笑的人自己却饱受辛酸。一见这幅画,我就记起了我故乡的童年时代。Seeingthepainting,Irememberthechildhoodinmyhometown.Thepaintingimmediatelyremindsmeofthechildhoodinmyhometown.董事长凭他丰富的经验一眼就看出问题的所在。Thepresidentatoncefoundoutbyhisrichexperiencewhatiswrongwiththematter.TherichexperienceofthePresidenttoldhimatoncewhatiswrongwiththematter.我兴奋得说不出话来。Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.Astrangepeacecameoverherwhenshewasalone.她独处时感到一种特别的安宁。闲人免进。☺Manwithnobusinessnotallowedtogetin.☺Noadmissionformanwithnothingtodo.☺Visitors,stophere!☺Onlyforbusiness!Impersonal----notshowinganyfeelingsofsympathy,friendliness.Animpersonalsentenceorverbisonewherethesubjectorobjectisrepresentedbyawordsuchas“it”Aterriblethoughtsuddenlystruckme—hadIlockedthedoor?我突然产生了一个可怕的想法——我锁门了吗?Comparethefollowingpairs:Ihope…(personal)Itismyhopethat…(impersonal)Thereare4membersinhisfamily.(impersonal)Hehas4membersinhisfamily(personal)非人称主语句采用“无灵主语”(inanimatesubject),表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等,但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”(animateverb)表示人或社会团体的动作和行为,如:see,desert,find,bring,witness,give,escape,surround,kill,deprive,serve,send,know,tell,permit,invite,take,drive,prevent…from等,这类句子往往带有拟人化(personification)的修辞色彩(如以上例句)。用非人称代词“it”作主语Itneveroccurredtomethatshewassodishonest.我从没有想到她会这样的不诚实。英语中的这类句子具备着含蓄幽默、生动活泼、客观公正、简洁凝练、句型多样等特点,所以使用广泛。但是由于汉、英两种语言属于不同的语系,所以在翻译这种无灵主语句时,要考虑到英语的思维方法,然后转换为汉语的思维方法,把句子的内在意义用汉语表达出来。如果主语暗含着条件、因果、时间、地点、方式等意义时,用人作主语,把原来的主语翻译成各种形式的状语。Thefortyyears,1840-1880,broughtalmosttenmillionmigrantstoAmerica.从1840至1880这四十年中,近一千万移民移居美国。当谓语动词是情感型使动词时,如:surprise,disappoint,excite,disturb,inspire,puzzle,annoy,trouble,irritate,shock等;或得失型动词,如:lost,get,gain,take,fail,save,win,leave等,翻译时可保留主语,把谓语动词转译成“使……”结构。Thebeautifulscenerygainedtheplacequiteareputation.美景使这个地方颇有名气。Herhabitofbitinghernailsirritatesme.她咬指甲的习惯使我生气。把原句中表示生命概念的词变成主语,引申谓语动词的词义,并采用逆行翻译法。Whenhehadtospeak,hisconfidencesuddenlydesertedhim.当他不得不说话时,他突然失去了信心。Itseemsthataverydifficultdecisionnowfaceshim.他好象面临着困难的抉择。当有灵动词是某些感官动词,如:see,witness,speak,tell等时,保留无灵主语,引申动词词义。比如,有时可把谓语动词引申为含有“显示”,“表明”,“产生”等意义的词。Theblood-stainedglovetoldofthebandit'scrime.血迹斑斑的手套就是匪徒的罪证。重新确定主语,引申动词词义。Itisgenerallyfeltthathisappointmentwasagravemistake.现在许多人觉得,当时对他的任命是个严重的错误。译成汉语的无主句。Rumorshadalreadyspreadalongthestreet.大街小巷早就传遍了各种流言蜚语。由于汉语“无灵主语”与“有灵动词”搭配通常被用作一种修辞手段----拟人化,所以有些句子我们不妨也采用“拟人化”的汉语句型来表达。Don'ttalktomeaboutnoopportunityanymore,opportunity'sknockingdowneverydoorinthecountry,tryingtogetin.别说什么机会难逢,机会正在国内挨家挨户敲门,想要进去呢。英语的“therebe”句式及用不定代词“one”作主语的句子也具有非人称倾向,汉译时仍可采用上面提到的技巧。In1955,therewasastrikeparticipatedbysixthousandworkers.1955年,六千名工人举行了一次罢工。大江东去,浪淘尽千古风流人物ChinesehistoryseesYangtzerun;withrollingwavesthousandsyearsandmyriadheroesaregone.Theworldhistoryhasseenmoretearsthanlaughter.在世界历史上泪水比欢笑多Thenewcenturywillseeasignificantandfar-reachingchangeinChina.中国在新世纪将发生重大而深远的变化Theyear2003witnessedaunprecedenteddisastrousfloodinHuairiverbasin.2003年淮河流域发生了史无前例的洪灾SeptemberfindsagreeableweatherinShanghai九月的上海天气宜人。他总是很机智.Heisalwaysquick-witted.Quick-witneverdesertshim.我突然有了一个好主意.SuddenlyIhaveagoodidea.Agoodideasuddenlyoccurstome.Agoodideasuddenlystrikes/hitsme.她做事效率高,又不会发火,简直是个天使.Highefficiencywithoutangermakesheranangel.*Thejourneyfromembryonatedeggtotheligasechainreactionhasembracedanenormousamountofworkinvolvingtissuecellculture,enzymeimmunoassay,fluorescence,andmoleculartechniques.从最早的胚胎卵实验发展到现在采取的连接酶的连锁反应,医学专家们进行了诸如组织细胞培养、生化酶的免疫测定、荧光技术以及分子技术等大量工作。*Theestimationstepconvertsexistingepidemiologicaldatafrommultiplesourcesandsub-populationsintonumbersofHIVinfections.估计时将从多个来源和分组人口收集所得的现行流行病学数据转换为艾滋病病毒感染个案数目。碘是人体不可缺少的营养元素,缺乏时肌体会出现一系列的障碍,但摄入太多亦有危害。Lackofiodine,whichisanessentialelementsinhumanbody,willleadtoaseriesofhandicapswhileexcessivetakinginwillalsoendangerhealth.PreparingprojectionsoffutureHIVinfectionsforplanningandadvocacypurposesrequirestwoessentialsteps:1)estimationofthepastandcurrentnumbersofHIVinfectionsand2)applicationofsomemodeltotheseestimatestoallowprojection.如果要为计划和倡导未来艾滋病病毒感染的预测作准备的话,工作者们需要采取两个重要的步骤:1)估计过去和目前艾滋病病毒感染个案的数目和2)把一些模式应用在这些估计数据中,从而作出预测。Theprinciplesofbeneficenceandnon-maleficenceidentifyabalancebetweentheefforttohelpthepersonwithleprosyandatthesametimeproducingminimalharm.采取有利和不伤害原则,就得找到一个平衡点,一方面努力帮助麻风病患者,另一方面在治疗同时尽量减少对其伤害。Thechess-boardistheworld:thepiecesarethephenomenaoftheuniverse;therulesofthegamearewhatwecallthelawsofnature.Theplayerontheothersideishiddenfromus.Weknowthathisplayisalwaysfair,justandpatient.Butalsoweknow,toourcost,thatheneveroverlooksamistake,ormakesthesmallestallowanceforignorance.棋盘宛如世界:一个个棋子仿佛世间的种种现象:游戏规则就是我们所称的自然法则。竞争对手藏于暗处,不为我们所见。我们知晓,这位对手向来处事公平,正义凛然,极富耐心。然而,我们也明白,这位对
本文标题:大学英语-翻译课件-有灵和无灵
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