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现代物流手段和物流技术第一章物流概述3第一节物流的含义与性质····································································3第二节商流与物流的关系····································································5第三节物流的职能与作用··································································10第二章物流系统化13第一节物流系统化的概念和意义·························································13第二节物流系统化管理·····································································15第三节物流系统合理化的模式····························································19第三章商品运输22第一节商品运输原则与方法·······························································22第二节运输方式···············································································27第三节联合运输···············································································31第四节集装箱运输···········································································34第四章商品储存37第一节储存在物流中的功能·······························································38第二节仓库·····················································································39第三节仓库的动态管理·····································································48第五章商品配送50第一节配送概述···············································································50第二节配送中心···············································································55第六章商品装卸64第一节装卸作业功能分析··································································64第二节改善装卸作业的途径·······························································67第七章商品包装71第一节商品包装的含义与功能····························································71第二节商品包装容器········································································74第三节包装标志···············································································77第四节商品运输包装技法··································································82第五节商品包装的合理化··································································88第八章物流信息90第一节物流信息···············································································91第二节商业物流信息系统··································································96第九章商业物流系统101第一节我国的商品流·······································································101第二节商业物流组织机构·································································105第三节商业物流系统的结构与功能·····················································109第十章商业物流现代化115第一节物流现代化的概念·································································115第二节物流装备设施技术现代化························································117第三节商业物流管理方法现代化························································120第四节物流标准化··········································································123第五节国外物流的现代化·································································124第一章物流概述商品流通是由商流活动与物流活动两部分组成。它们之间既有互相制约而构成整个商品流通有机体的统一性,又具有各自处于不同流通环节的相对独立性。因此,从它们的业务性质上加以考察,表现为两种类型:商品收购和商品销售是以货币为媒介,在不同部门或企业之间实现商品所有权转移为特征的商流类型,商品运输和商品储存是实现商品实体在空间位至上移动和为衔接下一个商流业务而收贮商尽,以及进行必要的包装、加工和整理为特征的物流类型。商流对物流有决定性的作用;物流也反作用于商流。物流搞好了,就能促进商流的发展;反之,就会使商流处于中断或瘫痪状态。所以,物流在整个商品流通中乃至社会再生产中占有十分重要的地位,有着极其重要的作用。从理论上认识物流的重要性以及它在社会再生产和商品流通中的地位,认识商流与物流的辩证流一关系,进而建立起具有中国特色的现代商业物流管理体系是整个商业管理的重要组成部分。第一节物流的含义与性质一、物流的含义物流有广义物流与狭义物流(商业物流)两层含义。广义物流是指社会物质在一定的劳动组织条件下,凭借载体从供应方向需求方过程。任何物流的形成,离不开四个要素:(一)物质的物质资料。具体说包括物质产品、用作生产和生活排泄物的废弃物质、生产领域中的生产储备、进入生产过程的材料和半成品以及处在流通阶段尚未进入消费领域的生产资料和生活资料等,因而是社会再生产总过程中尚未进入个人消费领域的物质资料,它不应被理解为一般的物质.事实上,客观世界所存在的物质有许多并不是物流学中的物,如个人手中的生活资料,不能发生空间位移的土地等。但也不能仅把它理解为生产资料。物流学所研究的物还包括作为物质产品但未进入消费领域的生活资料,因而也不是我们通常所指的物质,那是管理体制中有特定含义的名词,即专指工业所生产的生产资料中由国家进行统一分配的那一部分。当然它也不包括劳务、信息、技术等产品和资金、劳动力等。(二)劳动组织。任何物质只有人们通过一定的劳动组织去发挥作用,才能形成物流。它是物流朗IJ于自然界物质运动的标志,也是物流运动的真正动力。离开了人的劳动组织,物不会自行运动。地球的自然景物的定向移动,不是人组织的,因而不是物流。这里的劳动组织包括工农业生产单位、商业、外贸、物资等部门中从事物流活动的经济组织。。在现代商品经济条件下,企业是物流活动的主要组织者。(三)载体。物质发生移动必须借助于载体。载体是物流发生的客观条件。物流的载体指物流的设施。载体基本上可分为两部分:盛载物的机械设备如运输车辆、船只、飞机等;供这些设备运行的公路、铁路、航空路线等。载体的效率决定物流的效率。(四)定向移动。即物流的流,是指物质资料运动过程。因而它不可能被理解为空间转移的流动。事实上这种物质运动除了运输以外,还有装卸、保管、养护、修理、打包、包装、分装、组合、编配、发送、接收、流通加工等。可见物流的流,是供应者向需求者的物质定向移动过程的总和。狭义的物流是指商业物流,即发生在商品流通领域中的在一定劳动组织条件下凭借载体从供应方向需求方的商品实体定向移动。也就是在流通两个阶段(o-w、w-G)上发生的所有商品实体的实际流动。商业物流作为一种狭义的物流具有明显的中介性,是联结生产与消费的物流活动;具有较大的变动性,直接受商品交换活动变化的影响和制约;具有一定的时间性,即只存在商品交换时才会有,不会永恒存在,是属于商品经济的范畴,而广义的物流具有永恒性。由上述分析可以看出,商业物流与物流之间存在着密切关系。在商品经济条件下,商业物流包含在物流之中,并且构成物流的重要内容。由于生产过程中的物流发生在直接生产过程内部,属于生产过程中的企业物流,故不属于流通过程,本教材不予重点研究。但再生产过程是生产与流通的统一,生产物流必然对商业物流产生影响,因此,要适当考虑流通物流对生产物流的要求。可见在商品实体从生产领域向消费领域运动的过程中所产生的运输、配送、仓储、包装以及流通过程中的再加工等活动构成商业物流的基本内容。二、物流的性质(一)物流的生产性物流问题长期以来得不到应有的重视,一个原因是没有正确地把物流作为生产力问题中应有之义来看待,似乎物质产品的直接生产过程以外,再没有其他领域体现生产力的内容了。这种对生产力的狭隘理解是自然经济观念的突出表现。另一个原因是商品流通理论研究中长期忽视生产力的内容,只是片面孤立地考察所谓生产关系,对本应研究解决的物流能力、效率问题视而不见。'我们说物流属于生产力的范畴,主要根据是:I、物流是社会化专业化生产的内在规定,是由现代生产内在矛盾及其时空表现所决定的';因而物流属于物质生产行为所不可分割的一部分。2、物流能力是社会生产力在流通领域的具体体现。在现代社会,物流手段、物流能力与生产手段、生产能力同等重要。从产业结构和生产力布局的角度看,二着具有互相适应、互相促进和互相制约的关系。☆由于我国物流能力严重低于生产能力纳要求,国民经济已经受到极大损害,巨额物质财富不能发挥效用,甚至被大量浪费掉。3、物流效率是整个经济效率高低的重要决定因索之一,为提高效率;广义的资源配置也包括物流领域的合理投入和分布。4、尽管学术界在生产劳动和非生产劳动的划分问题上长期存在广义、狭义等多种意见的争论,但都一致认为物流领域投入的劳动是生产性劳动,物流业是与工业、农业、建筑、通讯同样的生产性产业,财物流的投资是生产性投资。确认物流的生产力属性的实际意义是什么呢7就是要改变人们重生产、轻流通。;重商流;轻物流的错误观念,在今后的国民经济发展战略中';使物流业能够迎头赶上,在我国的现代化建没中
本文标题:现代物流手段和物流技术
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