国际贸易实务(英文版)(第三版)(PPT)

InternationalTradePracticesbyShuaiJianlinSouthwesternUniversityofFinance&EconomicsTextBook:InternationalTradePractices（SecondEdition)《国际贸易实务》（英文版）（第二版）帅建林编著对外经济贸易大学出版社2007年9月，第一版2012年9月，第二版ContentsPart1OverviewPart2TermsofInternationalTradePart3InternationalTradeProcedurePart4TradeFormsPart1OverviewBird-eyeView,orTiger-eyeView?Chapter1IntroductiontoInternationalTradeChapter2InternationalTradePolicyChapter3TradeBlocandTradeBlockChapter4WTO:ANavigationGuideChapter1IntroductiontoInternationalTrade1.1WhyDoCountriesTrade?a)TheOriginofInternationalTradeb)ResourceReasonsc)EconomicReasonsd)PreferenceReasonse)OtherReasons1.2HowIsInternationalTradeMeasured?a)BalanceofPaymentsb)FDIWhatistheoriginofinternationaltrade?Thestoryofthecavemantakesplaceonaninternationalbasis.Whytradewithothernations?AdvantagesInternationaltradeleadstomoreefficientandincreasedworldproduction,thusallowingcountries(andindividuals)toconsumealargerandmorediversebundleofgoods.Anationpossessinglimitednaturalresourcesisabletoproduceandconsumemorethanitotherwisecould.theestablishmentofinternationaltradeexpandsthenumberofpotentialmarketsinwhichacountrycansellitsgoods.Theincreasedinternationaldemandforgoodstranslatesintogreaterproductionandmoreextensiveuseofrawmaterialsandlabor,whichinturnleadstogrowthindomesticemployment.Competitionfrominternationaltradecanalsoforcedomesticfirmstobecomemoreefficientthroughmodernizationandinnovation.WhyTradeWithOtherNations?ImportanceSomenationsexportonlytoexpandtheirdomesticmarketortoaideconomicallydepressedsectorswithinthehomeeconomy.Othernationsdependontradeforalargepartoftheirnationalincomeandtosupplygoodsfordomesticconsumption.Inrecentyearsforeigntradehasalsobeenviewedasameanstopromotegrowthwithinanation'seconomy.Developingcountriesandinternationalorganizationshaveincreasinglyemphasizedsuchtrade.Chapter1.2HowIsInternationalTradeMeasuredHowIsInternationalTradeMeasureda)BalanceofTradeb)BalanceofPaymentsc)FDIBalanceofTradeThebalanceoftradeisanation’srelationshipofexportstoimports.favorablebalanceoftrade=tradesurplusunfavorablebalanceoftrade=tradedeficitBalanceofPaymentsThebalanceofpayment=thedifferencebetweenmoneycomingintoacountryandmoneygoingoutofthecountry+moneyflowscomingintoorleavingacountryfromotherfactors.favorablebalanceofpaymentsVSunfavorablebalanceofpaymentsAboutFDITheBalanceofPaymentrelationshipbetweentheamountofmoneyanationspendsabroadandtheincomeitreceivesfromothernations.ThebalanceofpaymentsisofficiallyknownastheStatementofInternationalTransactionsandincludestwomainaccounts:First,thecurrentaccount,tracksactivityinmerchandisetrade—exportingandimporting;incomeearnedfrominvestmentsabroad;moneypaidtoforeigninvestors;andtransactionsonwhichthegovernmentexpectsnoreturns.Second,thecapitalaccount,tracksbothloansgiventoforeignersandloansreceivedbycitizens.Becausethebalanceofpaymentsisonereflectionofanation'sfinancialstabilityintheworldmarket,theInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)usestheseaccountstomakedecisionssuchasqualifyingacountryforaloan.TheIMFalsoprovidestheinformationtoitsmemberssothattheycanmakeinformeddecisionsaboutinvestmentsandtrade.Thebalanceofpaymentscanbeusedasanindicatorofanation'seconomicstability.Changesinthebalanceofpaymentscanaffecttheexchangerateofacountry'scurrency.Forexample,adeficitinmerchandisetrademeansthatthecurrencyofthatnationisfloodingtheworldeconomy,sinceitisbeingusedtobuytheimportsthatcausethedeficit.Unlessgovernmentcontrolsareused,thevalueofthecurrencywillmostlikelydepreciate.FDIForeignDirectInvestment(FDI)isthebuyingofpermanentpropertyandbusinessinforeignnations.Itcantaketheformofeitherdirectorportfolioinvestment.Directinvestmentoccurswhenacquisitionofequityinterestinaforeigncompanyismade.Thisinterestmayvarybetweenasmallpercentageandacontrollinginterestofacompany’sequity.(Ownershipofmorethan50%isnotnecessaryinsecuringacontrollinginterestinacompany).Controllinginterestinaforeigncompanyrepresentsahighlevelofcommitmenttoforeignoperationsandisusuallyaccompaniedbypersonnelandtechnologytransfersabroad.Theappealofdirectinvestmentlieswiththeaccesstomarketandresourcesaswellasrationalizationofglobalproductionaffordedbysuchanarrangement.Incontrast,portfolioorindirectinvestments,arechieflymotivatedbyshort-tomedium-termprofits.Theymayincludeequityinvestmentsthatdonotinvolveanactiveroleinmanagementorbondsandotherdebtinstrumentsissuedbyforeigncompaniesandgovernments.Asfinancialmarketsaroundtheworldbecomeincreasinglyintegratedinrecentyears,internationalportfolioinvestmentshavebecomepopularwithinvestorsasavehicleofdiversificationfurtherhasteningtheprocessofinternationalfinancialintegration.More…TheReasonsforFDIThedeclineofbarrierstoforeignownershipinmostcountriesoftheworld.LiberalizationoftradeandfinancialmarketsDeclineintransportationandcommunicationcoststhatresultedfromtechnologicalbreakthroughs.TheReactionstoFDIFDIhashistoricallybeencontroversial,especiallyinthereceivingcountry’spointofview.RadicalviewsMiddle-groundviewsPositiveviews•Radicalviews:(Thishastodowiththeexperienceofmanyformercolonieso