高三英语阅读训练十五篇之(四)

英语阅读（四）AForsometimepast，ithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabies—andothercreatures—learntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto“rewards”（报酬），andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue．Butitusedalsotobewidelybelievedthateffectiverewards，atleastintheearlytime，hadtobedirectlyconnectedtosuchbasicphysiological（生理的）“drives”asthirstorhunger．Inotherwords，ababywouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfort，nototherwise．Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso．Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptsuccessinsight．Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto“reward”thebabiesandtoteachthemtocarryoutsomesimplemovements，suchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother．Thenhenoticedthatababywhohadhadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponse（反应）withclearsignsofpleasure．Sohebegantostudythechildren'sresponsesinsituationswherenomilkwasprovided．Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement“turnedon”somelights—andindeedthattheywereabletolearnsomemoreturnstobringabout（产生）thisresult，forexample，twoleftortworight，oreventomakeasmanyasthreeturnstooneside．Papousek'slightexperimentwasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadetheinterestingobservationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightcloselyalthoughtheywould“smileandspeak”whenthelightwason．Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotthesightofthelightswhichpleasedthem．Itwasthesuccesstheywereachievinginsolvingtheproblem，inmasteringtheskill，andthenthereisabasichumannaturetomakesenseoftheworldandbringitundercontrol．1．Accordingtothewriter，babieslearntodothingswhich____.A．willsatisfytheirsurpriseB．willmeettheirphysicalneedsC．aredirectlyconnectedtopleasureD．willbringthemafeelingofsuccess2．Papouseknoticedinhisstudiesthatababy____．A．wouldmakelearnedresponseswhenitsawthemilkB．wouldcontinuethesimplemovementswithoutbeinggivenmilkC．wouldturnitsheadtorightorleftwhenithadenoughtodrinkD．wouldcarryoutlearnedmovementswhenithadenoughtodrink3．InPapousek'sexperimentbabiesmakelearnedmovementsoftheheadinorderto____．A．bepleasedB．pleasetheirparentsC．berewardedwithmilkD．havethelightsturnedon4．Thebabieswould“smileandspeak”atthelightsbecause____.A．theysucceededin“turningon”thelightsB．thesightoflightswasinterestingC．theyneednotturnbacktowatchthelightsD．thelightsweredirectlyconnectedtosomebasic“drives”BHumanbeingsactinadifferentwayfromthatofanimalsjustbecausetheycanthinkwhileanimalscannot．Eventhecleverestanimalscannotdothingswhichtousseemverysimpleandwhichsmallchildren，assoonastheylearntotalk，wouldbeabletodo．AGermanscientist，whomadeexperimentsformanyyearswithbigapes，foundthathisapescouldusesticksastoolstopulldownbananaswhichtheycouldnotreach．Buttheyonlyusedthesticktogetabananawhenboththestickandthebananawereinviewatthesametime．Ifthebananawasinfrontofthemandthestickwasbehindthem，theycouldnotusethestick．Theycouldnotbear（记住）thebananainmindlongenoughtolookaroundandpickupthestickandthenuseit．Thereasonforthisisclear．Wehavewordsforbananaandstickwhichhelpustothinkaboutthesethingswhentheyarenotinsight．Evenasmallchildknowingthewords“banana”and“stick”hasanideaoftheirrelationshipandisabletothinkof“stick”togetherwith“banana”andtorememberthislongenoughtopickupthestickfrombehindanduseitonthebanana．Unabletospeak，animalscannotkeeptheirknowledgeforlong．Thatiswhytheyofteninterruptonelineofactiontodosomethingelseandlaterforgetitcompletely．Humanbeings，ontheotherhand，uselanguageandareabletogoafteronethingcontinuouslyanddoitwithadefinite（明确的）aim．5．Oneofthemaindifferencesbetweenhumanbeingsandanimalsisthat____．A．animalscan'twalkwiththeirfeetB．animalscan'tthinkC．peoplecandoallthatanimalsdoD．peoplecanliveinthehouses6．Apescan'tusesticks____．A．iftheyaretooyoungB．whentheyarefullC．unlesstheyseethemD．unlesstheyfindfood7．Achildknows____，sohecanuseitthoughhedoesn'tseeit．A．whata“stick”isusedforB．wherehecanfindastickC．it'simportanttoremember“stick”foreverD．hecaneasilygetastickfromatree8．Animalscan'tspeak，so____．A．theycan'ttalktoeachotherB．theyaremorefoolishthanhumanbeingsC．theyhavetobetaughtD．theycan'tkeepanyknowledgeforlongCJameswroteaplayfortelevisionaboutafamilywhocametoEnglandfromPakistan，anditwasdifficultforthemtosettledowninEngland．Theplaywasverysuccessful，anditwasboughtbyanAmericanTVcompany．JameswasinvitedtogotoNewYorktohelpwiththeproduction．HelivedinDulwich，whichwasanhour'srideawayfromHesthrowAirport．Theflightwastoleaveat8：30a．m，sohehadtobeattheairportatabout7：30inthemorning．Heorderedataxifor6：30，sethisalarmclockfor5：45，andthenwenttosleep．Unfortunatelyheforgottowind（上发条）theclock，anditstoppedshortlyaftermidnight．Alsothedriverofthetaxihadtoworkdeepintothenightandoverslept.Jamesawokewiththeterriblefeelingthatsomethingwaswrong．Helookedathisalarmclock．Itwasstoodtheresilently，withthehandspointingtotenpasttwelve．Heturnedontheradioanddiscoveredthatitwasinfacttentonine．Heswitchedontheelectrickettle．Hewasjustpouringtheboilingwaterintotheteapotwhenthenineo'clockpips（报时声）soundedontheradio．Theannouncer（播音员）begantoreadthenews…“Reportsarecominginofacrash（坠毁）nearHe