词汇学第四章word-formation-ppt

Chapter4WordFormationWord-formationmajoraffixationprefixationsuffixationcompoundingcharacteristicsformationconversionconversiontonounsconversiontoverbsconversiontoadjectivesminorblendingclippingacronymyback-formationsoundredupllicationcommonizationofpropernames4.1Affixation•Whatisaffixation?Itistheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formationorderivationalaffixestobases.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,andwordscreatedinthiswayarecalledderivatives.Accordingtothepositionsaffixesoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintotwosubcategories:prefixationandsuffixation.4.1.1Prefixation•Definition:itistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixtostems.•Features:non-classchanging•Exceptions:class-changingprefixesInmodernEnglish,therearesmallpartofprefixesthatdochangethepartofspeech,eg.ainasleep,eninencourage.•Nowlookatthefollowingwords.Canyouseparatetheirprefixedfromtheirrootorstem?Anexamplehasbeendoneforyou.Wordprefixrootretellretellex-wifemisleadingmultimediaautomobilemicrocomputervice-chairmanObservethewordsandtheirrootsorstems,doyouthinkeverywordenjoysthesamepartofspeechwithitsrootorstem?•Onsemanticbasis,prefixesaredividedintotengroups:①NegativePrefixes否定前缀②Reversativeorprivativeprefixes逆反前缀③Pejorativeprefixes贬义前缀④Prefixesofdegreeorsize表范围和程度的前缀⑤Prefixesoforientationandattitude表方向和态度的前缀⑥Locativeprefixes方位前缀⑦Prefixesoftimeandorder表时间和顺序的前缀⑧Numberprefixes数字前缀⑨Conversionprefixes转化前缀⑩Miscellaneousprefixes其他类型的前缀4.1.2Suffixation•Definition:suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.•Features:unlikeprefixeswhichprimarilychangesthemeaningofthestem,suffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticrole,theirprimaryfunctionbeingtochangethegrammaticalfunctionofstems.Inotherwords,theymainlychangethewordclass.•Classification:onagrammaticalbasis,suffixesaredividedintonounsuffixes,verbsuffixes,adjectivesuffixes,etc.WordPartofspeechsuffixNewwordPartofspeechteachv.-domchildn.-lityfreeadj..-esesocialadj.-essinterviewv.-erteacherprincen.-ismrealadj.-tiontranslatev.-eecookv.-hoodJapann.-eryfreedomrealityJapaneseprincesssocialismtranslationintervieweechildhoodcookeryn.n.n.n.n.n.n.n.n.n.•Inthefollowingtable,thereare12wordsofdifferentpartsofspeech.Matchthewordswiththecorrespondingsuffixestoformanewword.Writeoutthenewwordanditspartofspeech.Anexamplehasbeendoneforyou.Comparethetwolistsofwords.Couldyoutellhowthepartsofspeecharechanged?•Thedifferentpartsofspeechinlistonearechangedtonounsinlisttwo.So,whenasuffixisaddedtoastem,whateverpartofspeechithasbeen,thenewwordwillbeanoun.Thuswecallthissuffixnounsuffix.Itisthesamecasewithadjectivesuffix,adverbsuffix,andverbsuffix.•Asforthenewword,ifitisoriginallyanoun,byaddinganounsuffix,itisstillanoun,butwecallitadenominalnoun,whileifitisoriginallyaverb,thenewnouniscalledadeverbalnoun.Itisthesamecasewithde-adjectivenoun.4.2Compoundingpigtaildog-ear•Definition:Itistheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorebases.•Whatisacompound?Itisalexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonebaseandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.•Types:solid:easygoing,necklacehyphenated:honey-bee,go-betweenopen:easychair①Phonologicalfeatures:compoundvs.freephrases②Semanticfeatures:e.g.Frenchleave;Chinesecopy;DutchtreatTheirmeaningsdonotjustfollowthe“1+1Principle”,thatistosay,theirmeaningsarenotthecombinationofthemeaningsofthetwoelementsinthecompound.③Grammaticalfeaturese.g.bad-mouthed/s;new-borns④OrthographicalfeaturesPersonalpreference•Characteristics:•Formation:Nouncompounds;Adjectivecompounds;Verbcompounds;4.3Conversion•Definition:Itistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.•Readthefollowingsentences;trytomakethepartofspeechoftheword”up”.①Canyouliftthatboxupontotheshelfforme?②Weclimbedslowlyupthehill.③IssomethingupwithJohn?Helooksreallysad.④Withoutsayinganotherword,heuppedandleft.⑤Susanseemstobeonanupatthemoment.Ihopeitlasts.Wordsproducedbyconversionareprimarilynouns,adjectivesandverbs.Themostproductive,however,istheconversionthattakesplacebetweennounsandverbs.Itdeservesnotingthatconversionisnotonlyachangeofgrammaticalfunctionofthelexicaliteminvolvedbutwithitthedifferentrangeofmeaningthatitoriginallycarried.•ItisthesamecaseinEnglish.conversionConversiontonounsVerbtonounAdjectivetonounMiscellaneousconversionsConversiontoverbsNountoverbAdjectivetoverbMiscellaneousconversionsConversiontoadjectives•Morewordsaboutconversion:Insomecases,conversionisaccompaniedbycertainchangesthataffectpronunciationsorspellingorstressdistributions.Themostcommonchangesare:①Voicelesstovoicedconsonant②Initialtoendstress4.4Blending•Whatisblending?Blendingistheformationofnewwordsbycombingpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledblendsorportmanteauwords.•Trytodrawoutthemajorformationoftheblends.brunch,Oxbridge,motel,smog---sitcom,telex---telequiz,medicare---eggwich,videophone---head+tailhead+headhead+wordword+tail4.5Clipping•DefinitionClippingistoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.e.g.planeandexamareoftenusedinplaceofaeroplaneandexaminationrespectively.ClippingwordsFullformfridge