JBT 10137-1999 提水和发电用小型风力机 试验方法

ISC27.180F11JB/T10137－1999提水和发电用小型风力机试验方法Testingmethodsforsmallwindenergyconversionsystem1999-08-06发布2000-01-01实施国家机械工业局发布前言本标准的附录A是标准的附录。本标准的附录B和附录C都是提示的附录。本标准由全国风力机械标准化技术委员会提出并归口。本标准起草单位：呼和浩特畜牧机械研究所。本标准主要起草人：彭永载。本标准于1999年8月首次发布。JB/T10137－1999前言1范围····················································································································································································································12试验前的准备·······························································································································································································13性能试验·········································································································································································································14生产试验·········································································································································································································85试验报告·······································································································································································································10附录A（标准的附录）试验用主要仪器设备····························································································································16附录B（提示的附录）用脉冲法摄取风轮空气动力特性的几点说明·······································································17附录C（提示的附录）调向特性测试中的几点说明············································································································18JB/T10137－1999目次11范围本标准规定了小型风力机的性能试验方法和生产试验方法。本标准适用于水平轴式小功率风力提水机组和风力发电–充电机组的现场性能试验和生产试验。2试验前的准备2.1机具准备试验样机应具有质量检查合格证、使用说明书及必须的技术文件。试验前应对样机主要易损件进行测定，将结果填入表3；试验样机的使用、调整和保养应按使用说明书的规定进行。2.2仪器准备2.2.1试验前必须对测试仪器、仪表及工具[见附录A（标准的附录）]进行检定和校正。2.2.2选择的仪器应使所测值在仪器测量范围的20%~95%之内。2.3风速风向仪的架设在风力机的两侧与昀多风向相垂直的方位上，对称地架设两个风速风向仪，其高度与风轮中心距地面高度等同；而且每一风速风向仪其架设处距风力机塔架中心的距离应是风轮直径的3~5倍。计算测试值时，取两者的算术平均值。3性能试验3.1风轮空气动力特性测定测定应在风向不变，风速稳定且小于5m/s的情况下进行。将测定结果填入表1。3.1.1测定原理因为在风轮空气动力特性曲线)(ZfM=和)(Zf=ξ中：υωRZ=············································(1)232ρυπRMM=········································(2)ZMξ=············································(3)tJJMddωε==；tddθω=···································(4)式中：ω——风轮的角速度，rad/s；R——风轮半径，m；υ——风速，m/s；Z——高速性系数；国家机械工业局1999-08-06批准中华人民共和国机械行业标准提水和发电用小型风力机试验方法TestingmethodsforsmallwindenergyconversionsystemJB/T10137－19992000-01-01实施JB/T10137－19992ρ——空气密度，kg/m3；M——风轮力矩，N·m；M——风轮相对力矩；ξ——风能利用系数；J——风轮转动惯量，kg·m2；θ——风轮转角，rad；t——时间，s；ε——风轮角加速度，rad/s2。故只要在风轮空载的情况下，同步测取风轮从静止一直到同步转速时转角θ、风速υ对时间t的函数，在测得风轮的转动惯量J后，Z、M、ξ即可对应求得，从而可以绘制出M=f(Z)和ξ=f(Z)曲线（见图5）。3.1.2测定方法3.1.2.1低速风轮转动惯量的测定a)M0的测定让风轮对风，在风轮不带负荷的情况下，用拉力计测取启动力F，同时测取与之对应时刻的风速υ，然后量取F作用线与风轮回转中心的垂直距离L，则启动力矩M0为：M0=FLN·m··········································(5)M0亦可采用制动风轮轴，用电测法测取。试验时，亦要求风轮对风，并同步测取风速。相对启动力矩为：23002ρυπRMM=········································(6)b)启动力矩还标法求J在测得风轮起动角加速度ε0和相对启动力矩0M后，可求得风轮的转动惯量J：02302ερυπRMJ=·······································(7)3.1.2.2高速风轮转动惯量的测定让风轮空载，在任一桨叶上离风轮中心距离为l的地方挂上质量为P、半径为r（m）的圆柱体重块（见图1），使风轮的静平衡破坏，然后拉开α角（小于或等于5°），让其摆动，测出摆动周期，则风轮的转动惯量为：)21(42222lgPrgPPlTJJJ+−−=−=π重系·····························(8)式中：P——附加重块的质量，kg；l——重块距风轮中心的距离，m；g——重力加速度，m/s2；T——风轮与重块整个系统的摆动周期，s。测定时可测出t秒内的摆动次数K，则有：KtT=；J系——风轮和附加重块整个系统的转动惯量，kg·m2；JB/T10137－19993J重——附加重块P的转动惯量[应不大于（8%~10%）J]，kg·m2。图1摆动法测转动惯量示意图3.1.2.3风轮空气动力特性测定a)测试原理框图如图2所示。图2脉冲法测试原理框图b)记录讯号的一般形式如图3所示。JB/T10137－19994图3脉冲法测定记录带示意图c)根据图3，绘制出图4中的υ–t曲线、θ–t曲线。由θ–t曲线，经一次微分和二次微分后，可得ω–t曲线，ε–t曲线。图4υ–t，θ–t，ω–t，ε–t曲线图图3所示记录带可采用下列方法进行整理：设时间比例尺为Kt，则tttltnK′∆=（s/mm）式中：nt——时标线格数；Δt——时间坐标上每格代表的时间，s；lt'——nt格时标线的距离，mm。设风速比例尺为Kυ，它代表坐标上每1mm高度相当之风速值，可由风速仪的风速标定曲线得到。只要量得风速记录曲线高度hυ（mm），则风速υ=Kυhυ(m/s)。JB/T10137－19995设角度变换装置之测速盘为n等分[见附录B（提示的附录）图B2]，则每一等分之转角Δθ=(rad)2nπ。取转角波形从“0”线开始一凸一凹为一个单位，从开始一直到转角波形间隔不变为止，量得从这些单位点到时间“0”线的距离l1，l2，l3，……，则：θ1=Δθ'；θ2=2Δθ'；θ3=3Δθ'……t1=Ktl1；t2=Ktl2；t3=Ktl3……从而可得θ=f(t)曲线，有了θ=f(t)，根据ω=t∆∆θ，由作图法可得ω=f(t)，同理由ω=f(t)，作图可得ε=f(t)。有条件时，该曲线亦可由电子计算机进行处理。图5风轮空气动力特性示意图3.2启动风速υ0的测定试验时，需在风轮对风，机组处于正常工作位置，且风速比较稳定，其变化幅度不大于0.5m/s时，测取机组由静止状态开始转动大于一圈时的昀小风速，这个风速定名为启动风速υ0。重复试验次数不得少于6次，取其算术平均值，将测试结果填入表5。3.3调向特性测定图6为测定装置简图。图6调向特性测定装置简图JB/T10137－19996风速仪的安装位置同2.3。在风速大于8m/s和风向不变的情况下，人为地让调速机构不起作用，认定这时风力机的指向和风向仪的指向一致。3.3.1调向灵敏度测试在机组处于正常工作位置且静止的情况下进行。根据所测曲线，找出当风向与风轮轴偏转角度为10°时风力机开始调向时的风速υt1)。计算其调向灵敏度K0：t00υυ=K············································(9)式中：υ0——启动风速，m/s。3.3.2调向稳定性试验时机组处于正常工作状态。依据测试结果，绘制出风力机调向时的过渡过程曲线2)（见图7），据此判定其调向的稳定程度。a)b)c)Δγx—风向仪的角度变化(rad)；Δγd—风力机回转体的角度变化(rad)图7调向过渡过程曲线图图中，a)和b)属于稳定的调向过程，而c)属于不稳定的调向过程。3.4输出特性的测定测试需在机组开始工作至自动关车的整个风速范围内进行。限于测试地点风力资源条件，测试时的昀高风速可以小于机组关车时的风速，但不得低于机组设计风速的1.4倍。在整个测试范围内，其测点次数不得少于30次。将测试结果填入表6、表7中。限于仪器条件不能测取瞬时风速时，允许用平均值风速计测得的结果代替式（10）、式（12）的计算值。3.4.1风力发电机组每一测试点平均值的测定时距为0.5min，机组按正常工作时接线，同步测取其瞬时风速、充电电流和电压，然后进行计算：313nnii∑==υυ平均········································(10)1)当风轮轴线与尾翼之间存在安装角γ0时，其角度定为10°±γ0。2)a.稳定迎风——当风向改变时，风轮轴与风向一致后即稳定不动。b.超调迎风——当风向改变时，风轮