大学生物专业英语8

LessonEightAnimalDevelopmentacrosomereaction顶体反应Thatseriesofobservable,structuralchangesundergonebyaspermwheninthevicinityofanovumintheoviduct.Specifically,manyopeningsappearinthespermheadmembrane,throughwhichthecontentsoftheacrosomeappeartobereleased.observable显著的,看得见的undergo经历sperm精子vicinity附近ovum卵,卵子oviduct[解]输卵管specifically特定的opening口子,通路membrane膜,隔膜appear看来,似乎blastomere分裂球：在早期胚胎发育时受精卵分裂产生的Oneofseveralsmallcellsformedfromananimalzygoteduringcleavage.formfrom由...组成,用...构成zygote[生物]受精卵cleavage卵裂blastula囊胚：分裂受精卵产生的早期胚胎外形，由球形细胞层组成也作blastosphereThestageoftheearlyanimalembryothatsucceedscleavageandprecedesgastrulation.Ablastulaisusuallymadeupofahollowballofcells,withawallonetoseveralcellsthick;thecentralcavityistheblastocoel.embryo胚胎precede领先(于),在...之前gastrulation[医]原肠胚形成cavity洞,[解剖]腔blastocoel[生物]囊胚腔cleavage卵裂Themitoticdivisionofthezygotethatoccursimmediatelyafterfertilizationandproducesaballofsmallercellswithoutanoverallincreaseinsize.mitotic有丝分裂的fertilization授精overall全面的compensatoryhypertrophy代偿性肥大Seeregeneration人体内成双的脏器很多如肺、肾等这类脏器有一个特点一旦一侧脏器失去功能或缺失,另一侧正常脏器会承担起双侧脏器的功能,同时使自己的体积增大、功能增强这在医学上称为代偿性肥大dedifferentiation去分化指高度分化的细胞或组织向更简单，更初期非特化的形式的退化。Thelossofdifferentiation,asinthevertebratelimbstumpduringformationofablastema.differentiation区别,分化,特殊化vertebrate脊椎动物limb肢,翼stump树桩,残余blastema芽基,胚基(身体某部分或一器官由此发育的一组胚胎细胞，或正常发育或失去的身体某部分的再生能力)differentiation分化Thecomplexofchangesinvolvedintheprogressivediversificationofthestructureandfunctioningofthecellsofanorganism.Foragivenlineofcells,differentiationresultsinacontinualrestrictionofthetypesoftranscriptionthateachcellcanundertake.progressive渐进的diversification变化,多样化given特定的,假设的resultin导致continual连续的,频繁的restriction限制,约束transcription转录undertake开始,采取ectoderm外胚层：胚胎最初三层胚层中的最外一层，由此发育成为表皮、神经组织和脊椎动物的感觉器官Theoutermostofthegermlayersofmetazoanembryos.Itdevelopsmainlyintoepidermaltissue,thenervoussystem,senseorgans,and(inlowerforms)thenephridia.germlayer胚叶,胚层metazoan多细胞动物epidermal表皮的,外皮的nephridia肾管endoderm内胚层Theinnermostofthegermlayersofmetazoanembryos.innermost最里面的fertilization受精Thejoiningofhaploidnuclei,usuallyfromaneggandaspermcell,resultinginadiploidcellcalledthezygote.gastrula原肠胚：一种囊胚之后的胚胎，含有中空、两层的外胚层和内胚层，包围着通过胚孔跟外界交流的原肠Thestageinthedevelopmentofanimalembryosthatfollowstheblastulaandresultsfromgastrulation.Thecellsofagastrulaaredifferentiatedintothegermlayersandthecentralcavityopenstotheexteriorbytheblastopore.exterior外部的,表面的blastopore胚孔gastrulation原肠胚形成Theprocessintheanimalembryobywhichablastulaisconvertedintoagastrula,withthelayingdownofthegermlayers.blastula[发生学]囊胚embryo胚胎laydown内陷geneamplification基因扩增Atemporarydramaticincreaseinthenumbersofaparticulargeneinagenomeduringonedevelopmentalperiod.genome[生]基因组dramatic显著地,生动的mesoderm中胚层：中间胚芽层，位于外胚层和内胚层之间，最终发育成结缔组织、肌肉、骨骼、泌尿系统及循环系统Themiddlelayerofthethreegermlayersoftriploblasticanimalembryos.Itdevelopsintocartilage,bone,muscle,blood,kidneys,andgonads.triploblastic三胚层的cartilage软骨kidney肾gonad性腺,生殖腺metamorphosis变态Thetransformationfromlarvaltoadultform.transformation变化,转化larval幼虫的morphogenesis形态发生：有机体或部分结构的形成；组织和器官在发展过程中的变异或生长Thedevelopmentalprocessesleadingtothecharacteristicmatureformofanorganismorpartofanorganism.developmental发育的mature成熟的neurulation神经胚形成Developmentalstageinanembryoduringwhichthecellsdifferentiateintothebrainandspinalcord.differentiate分化spinalcord脊髓oogenesis卵子发生Thespecificnamegiventothegametogenesisprocessthatleadstotheformationofeggs.gametogenesis配子形成organogenesis[生]器官发生Theformationoforgans.ovary(生物)卵巢,(植物)子房ThefemalesexorgansthatproducehaploidSexcells,theeggsorova.ovum卵,卵子oviduct输卵管Thetube(fallopiantube)thatcarriestheprimaryoocytetotheuterus.fallopiantube输卵管oocyte卵母细胞uterus子宫ovum卵,卵子Anunfertilizednon-motilefemalegamete.Inmanyanimalsitisproducedintheovary.ovary卵巢,(植物)子房parthenogenesis单性生殖，孤雌生殖：一种配子未经受精就能发育成新个体的生殖方式。Reproductioninwhicheggsdevelopnormallywithoutbeingfertilizedbyamalegamete,producinganindividualusuallygeneticallyidenticaltotheparent.primitivestreak原条Alongitudinalbandofembryonicmesodermalcellsthatdevelopswithinadorsalgroovealongthelengthofthegastrulaofmammalsandbirds.embryonic胚胎的mesodermal中胚层的dorsal背的,脊的groove凹槽regeneration再生,重建Thereplacementbyanorganismoftissuesororgansthathavebeenlost.replacement复位,替代sperm精液,精子Cellsthatdevelopfromthespermatidsbylosingmuchoftheircytoplasmanddevelopinglongtails;themalegamete.spermatid[生]精细胞,精子细胞spermatogenesis精子发生Thespecificnamegiventothegametogenesisprocessthatleadstotheformationofsperm.yolk蛋黄,卵黄Thestoreoffoodmaterial,mostlyproteinandfat,thatispresentintheeggsofmostanimals.food养料,食物zygote受精卵,接合子Adiploidcellthatresultsfromtheunionofaneggandasperm.union结合1.ProductionofSpermandEggsInsexuallyreproducingorganismsmalesandfemalesproducesexcells,knownasgametes.Theseareswimmingsperminmalesandova(eggs)infemales.在性繁殖过程中，生物的雄性和雌性产生性细胞，称配子。雄性是能够游动的精子，雌性是卵子。development发育,生长ova(ovum的复数)卵,卵子,卵细胞Theprocessofspermproduction,spermatogenesis,takesplaceintestes.Thespermoriginateingonialcells(spermatogonia)inthewallsofseminiferoustubules.精子产生过程，即精子发生在睾丸中。精子产生于输精管壁的性母细胞（精原细胞）。spermatogenesis[生