英语专业写作专题-The-sentence-level--Writing

LectureFive:Thesentence-levelWritingI.CompletesentenceandsentencefragmentsAgrammaticallycompletesentenceisonethatcontainsatleastasubjectandapredicate(finite)verb;iftheverbistransitive,theremustbeanobject;iftheverbisalink-verb,theremustbeapredicativeorcomplement.HeCame.Shewrotealetter.Dr.Smithisaprofessor.Amongthesentenceelements,suchassubject,predicate,object,attributive,adverbial,complement,appositivepredicative,etc,attributesandadverbials,thoughtheyarenotessentialelementsofasentence,helpstomakethemeaningclearorcomplete.Hecametotheclassroomveryearly.Shewrotealonglettertoherparents.Dr.Smithisawell-knownprofessorofphysics.Acompletesentencebeginswithacapitalletterandendswithaperiod.Theseventypesofbasicsentences:SV:Ironrusts./Everybodylaughed.SVO:Iwantaticket./Liverpoolwonthegame.S(ditransitive)V(in)O(dir.)O:WesenthimaYelegran./Marylenthercartome.SVOC.Wemadehimourspokesman./Theyelectedhimpresident.SVC(S(link)VPre.):Themanisateacher./Helooksfine.?Dinnerisatsixo’clock.Thetape-recorderisonthetable.SVA:IlivedinBeijing.Shakespearelivedinthe16thandearly17thcentury.Theystayedinahotel.Thetrainleavesatsix.HewillbeflyingtoShanghai.SVOA(adverbialofplace/time):ShespeaksEnglishfluently.Iputthematerialevidenceinfrontofhim.HetreatedhervilelyTheuseofacommainplaceofaperiod,asemi-colon,acolon,oradashinEnglishwritingiscalledthecommafault.Faultysentencesarenotgrammaticallywrong;theyarefaultybecauseoftheuseofthecommas.Faulty:1)Itwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefields.(Howtoimprove)2)Iwasborninasmalltown,inthetowntherewasonlyoneschool,Istudiedthereforsixyears.(Howtoimprove)3)Theessayispoorlyorganized,thereisnocentralidea.4)Therewerepeoplewhowouldbegladtoseehimleavetheplace,heknewit.5)Theprincipaloftheschoolmaydosomethingtoreducethepupils’homeworkload,hemay,forexample,stopassigninghomeworkforSaturdayandSunday.Commonerrorsofsentencewriting:1)Run-onsentence:whichincorrectlyrunstogethertwoindependentclauseswithoutaconjunctionorpunctuation.e.g.Ritadecidedtostopsmokingshedidn’twanttodieoflungcancer.Theexamwaspostponedtheclasswascanceledaswell.ItooklotsofvitaminChowever,Istillcamedownwiththeflu.Thecommasplicesisacommonerrorinwhichthecommaisplacedbetweenthetwocompletethoughtsbutthecommaaloneisnotenoughtojointwocompletethoughts.Ritadecidedtostopsmoking,shedidn’twanttodieoflungcancer.Theexamwaspostponed,theclasswascanceledaswell.ItooklotsofvitaminC,however,Istillcamedownwiththeflu.1)Fragmentarysentences:Awordgroupthatlacksasubjectoraverbandthatdoesnotexpressacompletethoughtisafragment,themostcommontypesoffragmentspeoplewriteare:Depend-wordfragments;ing-andtofragments;added-detailfragments;missing-subjectfragments.A.dependent-wordfragments:somewordgroupsthatbeginwithadependentwordarefragments.Hereisalistofcommondependentwords:after,unless,even(eventhough,evenif),since,before,when(whenever),because,ifwho(whoever),while,as(asif),which(whichever),although,though,sothat,where(wherever),until,that.e.g.AfterIarrivedinChicagobybus.Icheckedintoaroom.ThenIwenttoadinnertogetsomethingtoeat.Briansatnervouslyinthedentalclinic.Whilewaitingtohavehiswisdomtoothpulled.Mydaughterlikestomakepaperboat.Whichshefloatsinthetubduringhernightlybath.B.-ingandtofragments:whenan–ingwordappearsatornearthestartofawordgroup,afragmentmayresult.Suchfragmentsoftenlackasubjectand/orpartoftheverb.e.g.Ispentalmosttwohoursonthephoneyesterday.Tryingtofindagaragetorepairmycar.EventuallyIhadtohaveittowedtoagarageinanothertown.Shewasatfirstveryhappywiththebluesportscarsheboughtforonly$500.Notrealizinguntilaweeklaterthatthecaraveraged7milesagallonofgas.Helookedforwardtothestudyperiodatschool.Itbeingtheonlytimehecouldsitun-botheredanddreamabouthisfuture.Heimaginedhimselfasalawyerwithlotsofmoneyandgoodwomentospentiton.C.added–detailfragments:Added-detailedfragmentslackasubjectand/oraverb.Theyoftenbeginwithoneofthefollowingwords:forexample,also,except,suchas,including,especially.e.g.Theclassoftenstartslate.Forexample,yesterdayatquarterafternine,insteadofatninesharp.D.missing-subjectfragments:e.g.Sarahlookedwithadmirationatstunninglyattractivemodel.Andwonderedhowthemodellookeduponwakingupinthemorning.3.FaultyParallelism:byplacingtwoormoreideasofequalvalueinthesamegrammaticalformwillenableustoexpresstheseideasclearlyandemphatically.Butusingit,wemustpayattentiontothelogicofgrammaticalrelationship:a.Correctingfaultycoordination:Herofficeissmall,chillyanddirty.Ienjoyfootballandhockey.Ourdogranacrossthelawnandunderthehedge.Werequestedthathesingourfavoritesongsandheallowustorecordthem.IwanttolearnEnglish,andshewantstolearnFrench.E.gSheworksdiligentlyandatnight.Hespendsagreatdealofmoneyandfoolishly.IwastoldtoreporttothesupervisorandthatIshouldbringmytools.Twoverycommontypesoferrorincoordinationinvolvestheuseofandwhoandandwhichconstructionandtheuseofcorrelativeconjunctions.e.g.TomClark,whoiswiseandintelligent,andwhoisourunionrepresentative,hasbeenpromotedtoforeman.JamesJoyce’sUlysses,alongandcomplicatednovelandwhichisoneourread