Maslow27s-Hierarchy-of-Needs

Maslow27sHierarchyofNeedsMaslow'sHierarchyofNeedsMaslow'shierarchyofneedsisamotivationaltheoryinpsychologycomprisingafive-tiermodelofhumanneeds,oftendepictedashierarchicallevelswithinapyramid.Needslowerdowninthehierarchymustbesatisfiedbeforeindividualscanattendtoneedshigherup.Fromthebottomofthehierarchyupwards,theneedsare:physiological,safety,loveandbelonging,esteemandself-actualization.Deficiencyneedsvs.growthneedsThisfive-stagemodelcanbedividedintodeficiencyneedsandgrowthneeds.Thefirstfourlevelsareoftenreferredtoasdeficiencyneeds(D-needs),andthetoplevelisknownasgrowthorbeingneeds(B-needs).Deficiencyneedsariseduetodeprivationandaresaidtomotivatepeoplewhentheyareunmet.Also,themotivationtofulfillsuchneedswillbecomestrongerthelongerthedurationtheyaredenied.Forexample,thelongerapersongoeswithoutfood,themorehungrytheywillbecome.Maslow27sHierarchyofNeedsMaslow(1943)initiallystatedthatindividualsmustsatisfylowerleveldeficitneedsbeforeprogressingontomeethigherlevelgrowthneeds.However,helaterclarifiedthatsatisfactionofaneedsisnotan“all-or-none”phenomenon,admittingthathisearlierstatementsmayhavegiven“thefalseimpressionthataneedmustbesatisfied100percentbeforethenextneedemerges”(1987,p.69).Whenadeficitneedhasbeen'moreorless'satisfieditwillgoaway,andouractivitiesbecomehabituallydirectedtowardsmeetingthenextsetofneedsthatwehaveyettosatisfy.Thesethenbecomeoursalientneeds.However,growthneedscontinuetobefeltandmayevenbecomestrongeroncetheyhavebeenengaged.Growthneedsdonotstemfromalackofsomething,butratherfromadesiretogrowasaperson.Oncethesegrowthneedshavebeenreasonablysatisfied,onemaybeabletoreachthehighestlevelcalledself-actualization.Everypersoniscapableandhasthedesiretomoveupthehierarchytowardalevelofself-actualization.Unfortunately,progressisoftendisruptedbyafailuretomeetlowerlevelneeds.Lifeexperiences,includingdivorceandlossofajob,maycauseanindividualtofluctuatebetweenlevelsofthehierarchy.Therefore,noteveryonewillmovethroughthehierarchyinauni-directionalmannerbutmaymovebackandforthbetweenthedifferenttypesofneeds.Maslow27sHierarchyofNeedsTheoriginalhierarchyofneedsfive-stagemodelincludes:Maslow(1943,1954)statedthatpeoplearemotivatedtoachievecertainneedsandthatsomeneedstakeprecedenceoverothers.Ourmostbasicneedisforphysicalsurvival,andthiswillbethefirstthingthatmotivatesourbehavior.Oncethatlevelisfulfilledthenextlevelupiswhatmotivatesus,andsoon.1.Physiologicalneeds-thesearebiologicalrequirementsforhumansurvival,e.g.air,food,drink,shelter,clothing,warmth,sex,sleep.Iftheseneedsarenotsatisfiedthehumanbodycannotfunctionoptimally.Maslowconsideredphysiologicalneedsthemostimportantasalltheotherneedsbecomesecondaryuntiltheseneedsaremet.2.Safetyneeds-protectionfromelements,security,order,law,stability,freedomfromfear.3.Loveandbelongingnessneeds-afterphysiologicalandsafetyneedshavebeenfulfilled,thethirdlevelofhumanneedsissocialandinvolvesfeelingsofbelongingness.TheneedforinterpersonalrelationshipsmotivatesbehaviorExamplesincludefriendship,intimacy,trust,andacceptance,receivingandgivingaffectionandlove.Affiliating,beingpartofagroup(family,friends,work).4.Esteemneeds-whichMaslowclassifiedintotwocategories:(i)esteemforoneself(dignity,achievement,mastery,independence)and(ii)thedesireforreputationorrespectfromothers(e.g.,status,prestige).Maslowindicatedthattheneedforrespectorreputationismostimportantforchildrenandadolescentsandprecedesrealself-esteemordignity.5.Self-actualizationneeds-realizingpersonalpotential,self-fulfillment,seekingpersonalgrowthandpeakexperiences.Adesire“tobecomeeverythingoneiscapableofbecoming”(Maslow,1987,p.64).Maslow27sHierarchyofNeedsMaslowpositedthathumanneedsarearrangedinahierarchy:Itisquitetruethatmanlivesbybreadalone—whenthereisnobread.Butwhathappenstoman’sdesireswhenthereisplentyofbreadandwhenhisbellyischronicallyfilled?Atonceother(and“higher”)needsemergeandthese,ratherthanphysiologicalhungers,dominatetheorganism.Andwhentheseinturnaresatisfied,againnew(andstill“higher”)needsemergeandsoon.Thisiswhatwemeanbysayingthatthebasichumanneedsareorganizedintoahierarchyofrelativeprepotency(Maslow,1943,p.375).Maslowcontinuedtorefinehistheorybasedontheconceptofahierarchyofneedsoverseveraldecades(Maslow,1943,1962,1987).Regardingthestructureofhishierarchy,Maslow(1987)proposedthattheorderinthehierarchy“isnotnearlyasrigid”(p.68)ashemayhaveimpliedinhisearlierdescription.Maslownotedthattheorderofneedsmightbeflexiblebasedonexternalcircumstancesorindividualdifferences.Forexample,henotesthatforsomeindividuals,theneedforself-esteemismoreimportantthantheneedforlove.Forothers,theneedforcreativefulfillmentmaysupersedeeventhemostbasicneeds.Maslow(1987)alsopointedoutthatmostbehaviorismulti-motivatedandnotedthat“anybehaviortendstobedeterminedbyseveralorallofthebasicneedssimultaneouslyratherthanbyonlyoneofthem”(p.71).HierarchyofneedssummaryMaslow27sHierarchyofNeeds(a)humanbeingsaremotivatedbyahierarchyofneeds.(b)needsareorganizedinahierarchyofprepotencyinwhichmorebasicneedsmustbemoreorlessmet(ratherthanallornone)priortohigherneeds.(c)th