跨文化交际案例--集体主义文化和个人主义文化

Cross-culturalCommunication主讲：DaniCase(案例)1MaDan(马丹)andMichaelareclassmatesintheStates.Itisonlyoneweekbeforethesubmissiondateforatermpaperfortheirclass.Unfortunately,Ma’scomputerbrokedownatthiscriticaltime.Inordertohandinthepaperontime,MaDandecidedtoborrowMichael’scomputerforonlyonedaytofinishhertyping.InCase1ordertogetaneasy“yes”fromhim,MaDantreatedMichaeltoapizzalunchatPizzaHut,anexpensiveeating-placeforstudentslikethem.Attheendofthelunch,MaDanaskedMichaelforafavor:“Michael,mycomputerbrokedownrecently.Case1Butyouknowwehavetohandinourtermpaperontime.IwonderifIcouldborrowyourcomputerthisweekend.Wearefriends,aren’twe?”Toherastonishment,Michaelreplied,“Yes,wearefriends,Dan.ButI’mafraidI’vegotalotofthingsIneedtotypeupCase1everydayduringthesedays.Icannotaffordtoletitgoevenforaday.IhopeIcouldhelpyouinotherways.”MaDanwaspuzzledandthought:“arewereallyfriends?”Case1CaseAnalysis(案例分析)KeyWordsStudycollectivisticculture集体主义文化individualisticculture个人主义文化relation关系independence独立equality平等personalinterest个人利益CaseAnalysisMaDancomesfromacollectivist&hierarchicalculturewhichemphasizesrelationswithin-groupmembers.Michaelcomesfromanindividualisticculturewhichvaluesindependenceandequality.MaDancomesfromacountrywherepeopleformintodifferentrelationsandtheaxiomsof“TherewardforagooddeedisCaseAnalysisanothergooddeed”and“afriendinneedisafriendindeed”(ThisisalsoavaluedbeliefintheWest!)arehighlycherished.InMaDan’sview,shewasdesperateforacomputerandMichaelshouldofferherahandinlendingherthecomputersincetheyaregoodfriends.Inordertobettersecurethisborrowing,sheofferedtogiveMichaelatreat,whichbetterpositionedhertoopenCaseAnalysishermouthtorequestthehelp.Michaelwasbroughtupinaculturevaluingindividualismwherethepersonalinterestalwayscomesfirst.Sincepersonalcomputeristheprivatepropertyofapersonandhewasreallyinneedofit,hethinksitpropertocatertohisownneedsfirst.ThatexplainswhyMichaelchosetorejectMaDan’sproposal,whichhurtMaDan’sfeeling.Suggestion/Solution(解决方案)IfMaDanwantstofinishherworkontimeIsuggestsheturntootherclassmatesforhelpbyraisingherrequestdirectlyorgotothelibrarytosolvethisproblem.Ifsomeoneofferstolendherthecomputer,shecantreatthelenderafterwardstoexpresshergratitude.Suggestion&SolutionIndividualistCulturePKCollectivistCulturePK1IndividualistCulture(liberalism):individualstendtodefinethemselvesbytheextenttowhichtheyaredifferentfrom,ratherthansimilartoother.Peopleareencouragedtodisplayself-confidenceandAssertiveness(自信),disclosure（披露）ofpersonalthoughtsandfeelings.Collectivistculture(Confucianism):placeslittlevalueonindividualidentityandgreatvalueongroupidentity.Goingone'sownwayisnotvalued;uniformityandconformityarestressed.PK2IndividualismCollectivismIcultureWEcultureopendiscussionofdisagreementarevaluedformsoftalkopenlyspeakingone’smindappearsdistastefulseekthenoticeofothers;affirmtheiruniquenessopenexpressionrisksfaceguardingprivacy;valuingfreedomtodoandthinkwhatevertheychoosetherighttoprivacyinthesenseoffreedomisnotrecognizedlivelifeguidedonlybyprinciplessuchasequalityandnoninterferenceone’sbusinessisalsothebusinessofthegroup;friendsshouldbeconcernedwitheachother’spersonalmattersFiveBasicThemesinIndividualistCulture1.Thereisatendencyforforeignerstotreatstrangersasequals,seeninthepolitenesswithwhichforeignerstreatout-groupmembersandtheirwillingnesstofollowpublicrulesandlawsthatguaranteetherightsofall.2.Thereisadesireforindependenceandseparateness,foundinforeigners'needsfortheirownprivacyandautonomyandinthefreedomtheygivetochildren.3.Thereisalackofinhibition(压抑)onthepartofforeignersintermsofexpressivebehaviors,seenintheirlackofconcernaboutdrawingattentiontothemselvesandtheirwillingnesstodisclosefeelingsandemotions.4.Thereisalackofunderstandingifthereciprocalbondsanddutiesthatregulatein-groupmembers,foundinforeigners'casualattitudestowardshospitality.5.Thereisalackofconcernatpublicdisplaysofphysicalorsexualintimacy.PK3Relativecase2ShanZhouisawell-establishedChinesescholarincivilengineering.HehadbeencooperatingwithPaul,anAmericanengineeronalargeproject.PaulhadbeentoChinatwicefortheproject.ShanZhoutookgreatcareofhimoneachvisit,arrangingeverythingfromaccommodationtomakingsurethatoneormoreofhisstudentswouldgowithhimwheneverheneededtodosomething.FrequentlyShanZhouinvitedPaultohomeformealsorwenttorestaurantswithhim.Case2HealsomadearrangementswithsomeofhisstudentstotravelaroundthecitywithPaul,tohelphimwithshopping,andtosocializewithhim.Paulwasverygrateful,butrepeatedlytoldShanZhouthathecouldtakecareofhimself.YetShanZhoucontinuedtobeveryattentive.Eventually,ShanZhouwenttotheUnitedStatestoworkwithPaulforhalfayear.Paulpickedhimupattheairportandtookhimdirectlytohistemporaryaccommodations.Paulapologizedthathehadtogohometotakecareofhistwochildren,andthathewouldtakeShanZhououtfordinnersomeday.Case2ShanZhoudidnotspeakmuchEnglishanditwashisfirstvisittotheStates.HefeltlikeastrangerandexpectedPaultoatleastsendhisstudentstohelphimaround,likewhathehaddoneforPaulinChina.Butthatdidnothappen.Pauldidtakehimouttoanicerestaurantoneevening,andinvitedhimtohishome