不动产开发 ---- 战略和创新

REALESTATEDEVELOPMENT----StrategiesandInnovation2019/9/8IC972Researchanddevelopment(R&D):0.4%ofannualsalesComparedtoautomative3%ofannualsales,chemical4%,drugcompanies5%AmericanConstructionIndustry2019/9/8IC973TrendsofConstructionIndustry(Source:ConstructionindustryExecutiveBoard,1995)UseofcomputerstoassistindesignandconstructionGlobalization-material,equipment,labor,andmanagementMoreupstreamvendors/supplierinvolvementinprojectsReducedprojectlifecycleSafetyresultsarelevelingoffGreenconstructiongrowthovercompleteprojectlifecycleContractorcommunityconsolidation2019/9/8IC974CharacteristicsComplexityTime-consumingDiversity,eachconstructionprojectisunique,----nonstandardizednatureofproductionSubjecttotheinfluenceofhighlyvariableandunpredictablefactorsTheConstructionProject2019/9/8IC975Characteristics,inotherwordsTransientnatureDynamic/continuallychangingNonrepetitiveLackofdataLackofstandardization“Lowtech”LargenumberofparticipantsTheConstructionProject2019/9/8IC9762.1.3KajimaTechnicalResearchInstituteIn1949KajimabecamethefirstJapaneseconstructioncompanytoestablishatechnicalresearchinstitute(KaTRI).SincethenKajimahasworkedconsistentlytodevelopawiderangeofconstructiontechnology.2019/9/8IC977TheCaseofKaTRIKajimaTechnicalResearchInstitute,thecoreofKajimaCorporation'sresearchanddevelopmentestablishment,isintentlystudyinganddevelopingawiderangeofadvancedtechnologieswhichenablesKajimarealizetheirdreams,tocreatethebestpossibleenvironmentforpeoplearoundtheglobe.2019/9/8IC978TheCaseofKaTRITheCaseofKaTRIR&DInlinewithcorporateR&Dpolicies,KaTRIleadsindependentresearchprogramstoexploitnewtechnologies.MainOfficeR&DProjectsComprehensivetechnologiesformarketableproductsandservicesarebeingdevelopedbycompany-wideprojectteams.JointR&DwithOtherOrganizationsCooperativeR&Dactivitiesareperformedwithdomesticandforeigncompanies,universities,etc.2019/9/8IC979TheCaseofKaTRITechnicalCooperation&ConsultationSolutionsforTechnicalProblemsEncounteredintheFieldResearchCommissionedbyOutsideOrganizationsTrainingandDisseminatingInformationTrainingfortechnicalstaffResearchreportpresentationsandlecturesOtherchannelsfordisseminatinginformation2019/9/8IC9710TheCaseofKaTRIR&DInvestment17.8billionyeninfiscal1999;20.2billionyeninthepreviousyear.Asashareofnetsales,theCompany'sR&Dinvestmentwas1.34%infiscal1998;1.42%infiscal1999.2019/9/8IC97112.1.3KajimaR&DOrganization2019/9/8IC9712TheCaseofTAISEITAISEICorporationisaleadingJapanesearchitect-engineer-contractor.TAISEI'scoreoperationsbuildingconstruction,civilengineering,andrealestatedevelopmentarecomplementedbyabroadrangeofconstruction-relatedactivities,includingbuildingprojectfinancing.2019/9/8IC9713TaiseiCorporationestablishedin1874isoneofJapan'sleadingengineeringandconstructioncompanies.Taisei's1998netsaleswereinexcessof$13Billiondollars.2019/9/8IC9714-----------AgeofTechnologicalInnovationLeading-EdgeR&DOperationsTomaintainleading-edgetechnologiesinallitsbusinessareas,Taiseihasinvestedconsiderableresourcesintheestablishmentofexcellentresearchfacilitiesandorganizations.TheCompany'sTechnologyResearchCenter,dedicatedexclusivelytoR&D,wascreatedin1960.TheTechnologyResearchCenter'sactivitieshaveexpandedsteadilyandarenowcarriedoutbyastaffofmorethan200.2019/9/8IC9715------PioneeringHighTechnology:ApplicationoftheLatestEngineeringandConstructionTechniquesToyosuResearchInstitute(1960)InJune1958,TaiseiCorporationbuiltatechnicalresearchcentertoaugmentitscapabilitiesfortechnicalinnovation.In1960,theToyosuResearchInstitutewasconstructedinFukagawa,Tokyo,toengageinexperimentsandresearchtodevelopnewconstructiontechniquesthroughtheclosecollaborationoftheengineeringandconstructiondivisions.2019/9/8IC97162.1.3模仿创新施培公.后发优势.北京：清华大学出版社，1999Kim,Linsoo.ImitationtoInnovation.HarvardBusinessSchoolPress,1997.92019/9/8IC97172.1.3模仿创新2.1.3.2模仿创新战略的优劣势分析模仿创新与产品竞争力跟随学习效应模仿创新与企业竞争力快速高效的技术积累组织学习技术积累重心的后移劣势分析2019/9/8IC97182.1.3模仿创新2.1.3.3创新战略选择模仿创新与创新资源的优化配置模仿创新与技术扩散实际效果2019/9/8IC97192.1.3模仿创新2.1.3.4实施模仿创新战略应注意的问题正确领会内涵妥善处理知识产权保护与模仿创新之间的关系强化对模仿创新能力的培育快速反应能力、学习吸收能力、技术改进能力、大批量生产能力、市场营销能力模仿创新启动的时机2019/9/8IC97202.1.3合作创新概述合作创新体制组织模式共生经济与合作创新企业合作创新案例2019/9/8IC97212.1.4技术创新集群ClusterofInnovations2.1.4.1技术创新集群概述创新集群的类型M型创新集群---时间意义上的创新集群T型创新集群---空间意义上的创新集群2019/9/8IC97222.1.4技术创新集群T型创新集群企业内的技术创新集群企业间的技术创新集群共性技术(GenericTechnology)2019/9/8IC97232.1.4技术创新集群国外对技术创新集群的研究J.A.Schumpter的研究C.DeBression的研究2019/9/8IC97242.1.4技术创新集群2.1.4.2企业内的创新集群企业的技术积累企业内创新集群的模式基于技术轨道（Trajectory)的顺轨性创新集群基于技术平台（Platform)的衍生性创新集群向技术关联域（Relatedfield)发展的渗透性创新集群2019/9/8IC97252.1.4技术创新集群向上游产品领域渗透向下游产品领域渗透向工艺邻近领域渗透向有互补关系的产品领域渗透2019/9/8IC97262.1.4技术创新集群企业内创新集群形成的原因MarketDemandPullTechnologyPush创新收入递减规律的作用2019/9/8IC97272.1.4技术创新集群2.1.4.3企业间的创新集群类型形成的原因技术创新的扩散DemandPullCompetitiondrivenGovernmentPolicyPush2019/9/8IC97282.1.4技术创新集群2.1.4.4创新集群的集群经济企业内创新集群的集群经济企业间的创新集群的集群经济2019/9/8IC97292.1.4技术创新集群2.1.4.5集群模式选择与创新集群培育企业内创新集群模式的选择企业间创新集群的培育2019/9/8IC97302.1.5市场创新市场创新度与市场创新的基本方式