ACI 544.1R-96 (R2002) Fiber Reinforced Concrete

ThereportpreparedbyACICommittee544onFiberReinforcedConcrete(FRC)isacomprehensivereviewofalltypesofFRC.ItincludesfundamentalprinciplesofFRC,aglossaryofterms,adescriptionoffibertypes,manufac-turingmethods,mixproportioningandmixingmethods,installationprac-tices,physicalproperties,durability,designconsiderations,applications,andresearchneeds.Thereportisbrokenintofivechapters:Introduction,SteelFRC,GlassFRC,SyntheticFRC,andNaturalFRC.Fiberreinforcedconcrete(FRC)isconcretemadeprimarilyofhydrauliccements,aggregates,anddiscretereinforcingfibers.Fiberssuitableforrein-forcingconcretehavebeenproducedfromsteel,glass,andorganicpolymers(syntheticfibers).Naturallyoccurringasbestosfibersandvegetablefibers,suchassisalandjute,arealsousedforreinforcement.Theconcretematricesmaybemortars,normallyproportionedmixes,ormixesspecificallyformu-latedforaparticularapplication.Generally,thelengthanddiameterofthefibersusedforFRCdonotexceed3in.(76mm)and0.04in.(1mm),respec-tively.ThereportiswrittensothatthereadermaygainanoverviewofthepropertyenhancementsofFRCandtheapplicationsforeachgeneralcate-goryoffibertype(steel,glass,synthetic,andnaturalfibers).Brittlematerialsareconsideredtohavenosignificantpost-crackingductility.Fibrouscompositeshavebeenandarebeingdevelopedtoprovideimprovedmechanicalpropertiestootherwisebrittlematerials.Whensubjectedtoten-ACI544.1R-96State-of-the-ArtReportonFiberReinforcedConcreteReportedbyACICommittee544JamesI.Daniel*ChairmanVelloreS.GopalaratnamSecretaryMelvynA.GalinatMembershipSecretaryShuaibH.AhmadGeorgeC.HoffMorrisSchupackM.ArockiasamyRoopL.JindalSurendraP.Shah‡‡P.N.Balaguru**ColinD.JohnstonGeorgeD.SmithHiramP.Ball,Jr.MarkA.LeppertPhilipA.SmithNemkumarBanthiaCliffordN.MacDonaldParvisSoroushianGordonB.BatsonPritpalS.MangatJamesD.SpeakmanM.ZiadBayasiHenryN.Marsh,Jr.††DavidJ.StevensMarvinE.CriswellNicholasC.MitchellR.N.SwamyDanielP.DorfmuellerHenryJ.Molloy‡PeterC.Tatnall†MarshaFeldsteinD.R.MorganBenL.TilsenAntonioV.FernandezA.E.NaamanGeorgeJ.Venta§§SidneyFreedmanAntonioNanniGaryL.VondranDavidM.GaleSethL.Pearlman*MethiWecharatanaAntonioJ.Guerra**MaxL.PorterSpencerT.WuLloydE.HackmanV.RamakrishnanRobertC.ZellersC.GeoffreyHampsonKenRearRonaldF.Zollo§M.NadimHassounD.V.ReddyCarolD.HaysErnestK.Schrader*Cochairmen,State-of-the-ArtSubcommittee;responsibleforpreparingChapter1andcoordinatingtheentirereport.†Chairman,SteelFiberReinforcedConcreteSubcommittee;responsibleforpreparingChapter2.‡Chairman,GlassFiberReinforcedConcreteSubcommittee;responsibleforperparingChapter3.§Chairman,SyntheticFiberReinforcedConcreteSubcommittee;responsibleforpreparingChapter4.**Cochairmen,NaturalFiberReinforcedConcreteSubcommittee;responsibleforpreparingChapter5.††Chairman,EditorialSubcommittee;responsibleforreviewingandfinaleditingtheentirereport.‡‡PreviousChairmanofCommittee544;responsibleforoverseeingthedevelopmentofthemajorityofthisState-of-the-ArtReport.§§PreviousChairmanofGlassFiberReinforcedConcreteSubcommittee;responsibleforoverseeingthedevelopmentofmuchofChapter3.ACICommitteereports,guides,standardpractices,designhandbooks,andcommentariesareintendedforguidanceinplanning,designing,executing,andinspectingconstruction.Thisdocumentisintendedfortheuseofindividualswhoarecompetenttoevaluatethesignificanceandlimitationsofitscontentandrecommendationsandwhowillacceptresponsibil-ityfortheapplicationofthematerialitcontains.TheAmericanConcreteInstitutedisclaimsanyandallresponsibilityfortheapplicationofthestatedprinciples.TheInstituteshallnotbeli-ableforanylossordamagearisingtherefrom.Referencetothisdocumentshallnotbemadeincontractdoc-uments.IfitemsfoundinthisdocumentaredesiredbytheAr-chitect/Engineertobeapartofthecontractdocuments,theyshallberestatedinmandatorylanguageforincorporationbytheArchitect/Engineer.ACI544.1-96becameeffectiveNovember18,1996.ThisreportsupercedesACI544.1R-82(86).Copyright©2001,AmericanConcreteInstitute.Allrightsreservedincludingrightsofreproductionanduseinanyformorbyanymeans,includingthemakingofcopiesbyanyphotoprocess,orbyelectronicormechanicaldevice,printed,written,ororal,orrecordingforsoundorvisualreproduc-tionorforuseinanyknowledgeorretrievalsystemordevice,unlesspermissioninwritingisobtainedfromthecopyrightproprietors.544.1R-1CopyrightAmericanConcreteInstituteProvidedbyIHSunderlicensewithACILicensee=DefenseContractMgmtCommand/5935922100NotforResale,06/04/200602:09:08MDTNoreproductionornetworkingpermittedwithoutlicensefromIHS--`,`,`,``,`,,,,````,,```,,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---sion,theseunreinforcedbrittlematricesinitiallydeformelastically.Theelas-ticresponseisfollowedbymicrocracking,localizedmacrocracking,andfinallyfracture.Introductionoffibersintotheconcreteresultsinpost-elasticpropertychangesthatrangefromsubtletosubstantial,dependinguponanumberoffactors,includingmatrixstrength,fibertype,fibermodulus,fiberaspectratio,fiberstrength,fibersurfacebondingcharacteristics,fibercon-tent,fiberorientation,andaggregatesizeeffects.Formanypracticalapplica-tions,thematrixfirst-crackstrengthisnotincreased.Inthesecases,themostsignificantenhancementfromthefibersisthepo