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第三讲主旨大意题(一)什么是主旨大意题主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目,因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据,需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨。所以,遇到主旨大意题时切勿草率作答,一定要读完读通文章后再做判定,建议考生把此类题放到最后来做。此类题目可分为三大类,即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。(二)选项有什么特征1.正确选项特征(1)涵盖性强,覆盖全文或全段。(2)确定的范围恰当,既不太大,也不太小。(3)精确性强,不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。2.干扰选项特征(1)过于笼统,不知所云所给选项内容概括的范围过大,超出文章所述内容。(2)以偏概全,主次不分所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容,或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容,或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。(3)移花接木,偷换概念所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上,若不留神,极易选错答案。(4)无中生有,生搬硬套所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了,但经过仔细阅读分析之后,发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。一、学通法——把握主旨大意3方法方法一寻找主题句1.主题句在第一段新闻报道、说明文、议论文等文章的主题句通常在开头。主题句出现在文章的开头,起着开宗明义、点明主题的作用,它可以使读者一开始就明白文章所讲的内容及主旨。而支撑句则是通过使用一些具体的人、物、数字或具体的步骤来阐述或论证主题。在文中找到主题句后,考生可以很容易地概括出文章的主旨大意。[典例1]Honey(蜂蜜)fromtheAfricanforestisnotonlyakindofnaturalsugar,butitisalsodelicious.Mostpeopleandmanyanimalslikeeatingit.However,theonlywayforthemtogetthathoneyistofindawildbees'nest(巢)andtakethehoneyfromit.Often,thesenestsarehighupintrees,anditisdifficulttofindthem.InpartsofAfrica,though,peopleandanimalslookingforhoneyhaveastrangeandunexpectedhelper—alittlebirdcalledahoneyguide.Thehoneyguidedoesnotactuallylikehoney,butitdoeslikethewax(蜂蜡)inthebeehives(蜂房).Thelittlebirdcannotreachthiswax,whichisdeepinsidethebees'nest.So,whenitfindsasuitablenest,itlooksforsomeonetohelpit.Thehoneyguidegivesaloudcrythatattractstheattentionofbothpassinganimalsandpeople.Onceithastheirattention,itfliesthroughtheforest,waitingfromtimetotimeforthecuriousanimalorpersonasitleadsthemtothenest.Whentheyfinallyarriveatthenest,thefollowerreachesintogetatthedelicioushoneyasthebirdpatientlywaitsandwatches.Someofthehoney,andthewax,alwaysfallstotheground,andthisiswhenthehoneyguidetakesitsshare.Scientistsdonotknowwhythehoneyguidelikeeatingthewax,butitisverydeterminedinitseffortstogetit.Thebirdsseemtobeabletosmellwaxfromalongdistanceaway.Theywillquicklyarrivewheneverabeekeeperistakinghoneyfromhisbeehives,andwillevenenterchurcheswhenbeeswaxcandlesarebeinglit.1.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.WildBeesB.WaxandHoneyC.BeekeepinginAfricaD.HoneyLover'sHelper[分析]本文属于典型的三段论。第一段旨在导入话题,为下文做铺垫,介绍了非洲森林里的一种美食——野蜂蜜。但是,由于蜂窝被茂密的树枝所遮盖,人们很难找到它。一种奇特的小鸟是蜂蜜爱好者的好帮手,它能让蜂蜜爱好者找到蜂窝。第一段的最后一句“...peopleandanimalslookingforhoneyhaveastrangeandunexpectedhelper—alittlebirdcalledahoneyguide.”是全文的主题句;第二段针对“ahoneyguide”的觅食方法进行了详细的介绍;最后一段介绍了导蜂鸟的另一种觅食方式。因此本文的最佳标题为D。2.主题句在最后一段文章的结尾通常起到照应开头、总结全文、升华主题的作用。作者在最后一段对全文的内容进行概括和总结,进一步明确或强调文章的中心思想,使作者的观点表达得更清楚。因此,有时考生可以在最后一段中找到主题句,从而准确把握文章的主旨。[典例2]WhenIwasaboytherewerenosmartphones,andourtelevisiononlygotonechannelclearly.Still,Ineverfeltbored.Thefields,hillsandwoodlandsaroundmyhomeweretheperfectplaygroundwhoseadventureswereonlylimitedbymyimagination.Icanrememberoncehikingtonearbylakeandwalkingslowlyaroundit.AtthebackofitIwasamazedtofindanolddirtroadthatIhadneverseenbefore.Itwasfullofmuddytyre(轮胎)tracksanddeepwoodsbordereditonbothsides,butexploringitstillseemedlikeafineadventure.Iwalkedonandonforwhatseemedlikehours.Iwassuremyguardianangelwaswhisperinginmyears“turnaroundandheadbackhome”,butIwasstubbornandwalkedon.Therewasstillneitheracarnorahouseinsight.InoticedthatthesunwasstartingtogodownandIgrewscared.Ididn'twanttoenduptrappedonthisroad,andIwasworriedthatitwouldbedarkbeforeIcouldmakemywaybacktothelakeagain.Icontinuedtowalkonwithsomethinggrowinginsideofme.Myheartwaspoundingandmylegswereaching.IwasalmostintearswhenIsawsomethinginthedistance.ItwasahousethatIrecognized.Ijumpedupanddownandlaughedoutloud.Itwasstilloveramileaway,butmylegsfeltlikefeathersandIhurriedbacktomyhouseinnotime.Iwalkedinwithabigsmileonmyfacejustintimefordinner.ThenIendedmyadventurewithagoodnight'ssleep.Ioftenthoughtofthatexperiencerecently.Actually,inourlife,allroads,nomatterhowtheytwistandturn,canleadushomeagain.Theycanleadustoourhomesinourhearts.Mayyoualwayswalkyourpathwithlove!Mayyoualwayshelpyourfellowtravelersalongtheway!Andmayyourroadsalwaysleadyouhomeagain!2.Whatmaybethebesttitleforthepassage?A.EveryEffortIsWorthwhileB.AllRoadsLeadHomeC.BeDeterminedinYourLifeD.BeBravetoAdventure[分析]本文是一篇记叙文,记述了作者在儿时的一段探险经历。一开始,他绕着湖慢慢走,后来沿着一条土路继续往前走,穿过了森林。当日落西山时,他来到了一个完全陌生的地方。虽然他担心迷路,也想尽快返回,但是,少年的执着使他冒着迷失的风险继续前行。使作者感到惊讶的是,走出森林后,他看到远方自己熟悉的家园。这次探险活动有惊无险,他最终安全无恙地返回家中。最后一段中的“...inourlife,allroads,nomatterhowtheytwistandturn,canleadushomeagain.”是全文的主题句。因此本文的最佳标题为B。3.找出每段的主题句,概括出文章的主旨大意虽然有些短文中没有主题句,但是每个段落都围绕一个主题来写,考生可以找出每段的主题句,弄清每个段落主要讲了什么内容,这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系,然后对它们进行归纳和提炼,从而概括出文章的主题或中心思想。[典例3]Attendingcollegecanbeexpensive,andapplyingtocollegecanbecostlyaswell.Withtoday'scollegeapplicationfeesaveragingaround$80,youcanexpecttospendhundredsofdollarsoncollegebeforeyouareevenacceptedintoaschool.One_of_the_easiest_ways_to_save_money_on_college_application_fees_before_you_begin_applying_is_to_narrow_down_your_list_of_schools.Tosavemoney,trytolimittheschoolstowhichyouapplytoabout2-3reachschoolsand2-3safetyschools.Atsomeschools,beingarelativeofagraduatecansecureyouafreeapplication.Ifyouareapplyingtoaschoolwhereoneofyourparentsorgrandparentsisaformergraduate,checktoseeifyou'requalifiedforit.Researchthepreferredmetho
本文标题:2020版高考英语二轮复习 专题一 阅读理解 第三讲 主旨大意题课件 新人教版
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