2020版高考英语二轮复习 专题二 阅读七选五 第二讲 怎样定位——利用“8大关系”准解题课件 新人

第二讲怎样定位——利用“8大关系”准解题从语篇衔接的角度来说，阅读七选五中的正确选项与文中空白处的前后句之间必然存在某一种关系或关联。解题时，首先要分析文章结构(多为总分结构)，牢记一段一焦点(即一段只涉及主题的某一方面)；其次，重点分析空白处的前后句，运用以下“八大关系”，明确句际关系。一、原词相关原词相关，也可称为原词复现。众所周知，原词复现是文中词汇的一种衔接手段，即同一个词或短语在文章的不同位置出现。这里的原词通常指某个关键的动词、名词或该词的同根词。解题时，可根据文中空白处前后或本段中的某个关键词(也称为信息焦点词，通常为动词或名词)在选项中是否出现，运用词汇锁定法解题，从而迅速锁定答案。[典例1](2019·全国卷Ⅱ节选)Imagineachildstandingonadivingboardfourfeethighandaskinghimselfthequestion:“ShouldIjump？”Thisiswhatmotivationorthelackofitcando.Motivationandgoalsettingarethetwosidesofthesamecoin.__36__Likethechildonthedivingboard,youwillstayundecided....A．Thiscanaffectyourwork.B．Sohowshouldyoumotivateyourself?C．However,thisshouldnotdiscourageyou.D．Sowhyshouldwetrytosetspecificgoals?E．Theycanchangeaccordingtocircumstances.F．Motivationiswhatyouneedmosttodoagoodjob.G．Withoutmotivation,youcanneithersetagoalnorreachit.[分析]选G根据语境可知，空白处前面一句中的信息焦点词：motivation,goal和选项G中的“motivation”和“goal”相呼应，属于原词相关(原词复现)，而且正是通过“withoutmotivation”的衔接，对上文进一步进行说明，故选G。二、反义词相关反义词相关，也可称为反义词复现，通常指文中空白处的前后或本段中某个关键词(动词、名词、形容词或副词)的反义词在正确选项中出现。[典例2](2017·全国卷Ⅰ节选)...Wesleptinatent,cookedoveranopenfire,andwalkedalongdistancetotaketheshowerandusethebathroom.ThisbriefvisitwithMotherNaturecostmetwodaysofffromwork,recoveringfromabadcaseofsunburnandthedoctor'sbillformyson'sfoodpoisoning.Iwas,nevertheless,talkedintogoingonanotherfun­filledholidayinthewilderness.__38__Instead,wehadapop­upcamperwithcomfortablebedsandanairconditioner.Mynature­lovingfriendshadrememberedtobringallthenecessitiesoflife....A．Thistimetherewasnotent.B．Thingsaregoingtobeimproved.C．Thetriptheytookmeonwasaroughone.D．Iwastolearnalotaboutcampingsincethen,however.E．ImustsaythatIhavecertainlycometoenjoycamping.F．Afterthetrip,myfamilybecamequiteinterestedincamping.G．Therewasnoshadeasthetreeswerenomorethan3feettall.[分析]选A空处后一句中的“Instead”是解题的突破口，此词表示本空后面的内容与本空的信息相反。根据上文中的“Wesleptinatent...”和下文中的“Instead,wehadapop­upcamperwithcomfortablebedsandanairconditioner.”可知，作者这次野营中有了舒适的露营车(camper)，而不是睡在“tent(帐篷)”里，“camper”和“tent”相对应，故选A。三、同/近义词相关同/近义词相关，也可称为同/近义词复现，是指文中空白处的前后句或本段中的某个关键词(动词、名词、形容词或副词)的同/近义词在正确选项中出现。[典例3](2018·全国卷Ⅱ节选)...●Yourproductivityisimproved.Exercisingmakesyoumoreawakeandreadytohandlewhateverisaheadofyoufortheday.__37__...●__40__Ifyouworkoutbrightandearlyinthemorning,youwillbemorelikelytosticktohealthyfoodchoicesthroughouttheday.Whowouldwanttoruintheirgoodworkoutbyeatingjunkfood?Youwillwanttocontinuetofocusonpositivechoices.A．Youwillsticktoyourdiet.B．Yourqualityofsleepimproves.C．Youpreferhealthyfoodtofastfood.D．Thereisnoreasonyoushouldexerciseinthemorning.E．Youcankeepyourheadclearfor4－10hoursafterexercise.F．Afteryouexercise,youcontinuetoburncaloriesthroughouttheday.G．Ifyouareplanningtodoexerciseregularly,oryou'redoingitnow,thenlistenup![分析]37.选E40.选A通过分析文章结构可知，本文为总分结构，且一段一焦点(即一段只涉及主题的某一方面)。就第37题而言，选项E中的“keepyourheadclear”与本段中的“makesyoumoreawake”语义相近，属于同/近义相关，故选E；就第40题而言，根据语境可知，此段的信息焦点词是“sticktohealthyfoodchoices”和“continuetofocusonpositivechoices”，二者与A选项中的“sticktoyourdiet”属于同/近义词相关，故选A。四、上下义词相关上下义词相关是指文中空白处前后的某个词或某些词与正确选项的某个词或某些词之间存在上下义词的关系。上义词是对事物概括性或抽象性的说明；下义词则是对事物具体表现形式或更为具体的说明。如flower是上义词，而rose,lily,tulip则是它的下义词。[典例4](2018·浙江6月高考节选)...Second,taketheoverallappearanceoftheneighborhoodseriously.Whengoingforawalk,takealongasmallgarbagebag.__33__Thissmallactwillletyourneighborsknowthatyoucareaboutthearea....E．Shouldyoucomeacrosswastepaperthrownoutofapassingcar,pickitup.F．Peopletendtotakeprideinkeepingeverythingintheirstreetfreshandinviting.[分析]选E此题可根据上下义词相关解题。空格后提到，这个小小的举动会让你的邻居知道你关心这个区域，则设空处应与“Thissmallact”属上下义词相关。E项“如果你碰到从路过的车里扔出的废纸，把它捡起来”，可以看出这是一个小举动，与空格后衔接，故选E项。五、指代相关指代相关是指文中空白处前后句中的某个名词或代词与正确选项中的某个代词或名词之间存在指代关系。此时，准确理解该代词的指代范围或内容是解题的关键。如果空白处后一句中出现代词(尤其是人称代词、指示代词或替代词)时，往往可根据代词的指代关系来解题。[典例5](2019·全国卷Ⅰ节选)...Recently,peoplehavebegunstudyingtheconnectionbetweenthenaturalworldandhealing(治愈).__38__Intheseplacespatientscangotobenearnatureduringtheirrecovery.Itturnsoutthatjustlookingatgreen,growingthingscanreducestress,lowerbloodpressure,andputpeopleintoabettermood(情绪).Greeneryisgoodforus.Hospitalpatientswhoseetreebranchesouttheirwindowarelikelytorecoveratafasterratethanpatientswhoseebuildingsorskyinstead...A．Freshaircleansourlungs.B．Sowhatareyouwaitingfor?C．Beinginnaturerefreshesus.D．Anothersidebenefitofgettingfreshairissunlight.E．Butisfreshairreallyasgoodforyouasyourmotheralwayssaid?F．Justasimportantly,wetendtoassociatefreshairwithhealthcare.G．Allacrossthecountry,recoverycentershavebegunbuildingHealingGardens.[分析]选G根据设空处后的“Intheseplacespatientscangotobenearnatureduringtheirrecovery.”可知，在这些地方，病人在康复期间可以接近大自然。theseplaces应指代设空处提到的地点，G项中的HealingGardens为theseplaces指代的地点，且Healing为上文中healing的复现，故G项符合语境。六、句式结构相关句式结构相关是指空白处的前句或后句与正确选项的句式结构相同，类似于汉语中的排比句，旨在达到理想的表达效果。常考的句式结构有：祈使句、疑问句、感叹句、主谓(宾)结构、主系表结构等。[典例6](2019·全国卷Ⅱ节选)...__37__Morethanthat,howshouldyoustaymotivatedtoachievethegoal?First,youneedtoevaluateyourself,yourvalues,yourstrengths,yourweaknesses,yourachievements,yourdesires,etc.Onlythenshouldyousetyourgoals....A．Thiscanaffectyourwork.B．Sohowshouldyoumotivateyourself?C．However,thisshoul