战略和企业家（英文版）

无忧商务免责声明：本站所有资源来源于互联网和会员交流，该资料版权为原作者所有，若作者有版权声明的或文章从其它站转载而附带有原所有站的版权声明者，其版权归属以附带声明为准。若侵犯到您的版权,请提出指正,我们将立即删除。请下载试用者二十四小时后删除，试用后请购买正版的资源。(RevisedDecember10,2000)无忧商务免责声明：本站所有资源来源于互联网和会员交流，该资料版权为原作者所有，若作者有版权声明的或文章从其它站转载而附带有原所有站的版权声明者，其版权归属以附带声明为准。若侵犯到您的版权,请提出指正,我们将立即删除。请下载试用者二十四小时后删除，试用后请购买正版的资源。“Invention,”ProfessorNorbertWiener(1993),commentingontherelativeimportanceaccordedtoindividualsandinstitutionsinhistoricalnarrativesofscienceandinventions,asksustoimagineShakespeare’s“RomeoandJuliet”withouteitherRomeoorthebalcony.1Thestoryisjustnotthesame.Helikensmuchofthestudyoftheeconomichistoryofscienceandaccountsofinventionsas“allbalconyandnoRomeo.”ThebalconyforNorbertWienercapturesthecontextinwhichthestoryunfolds–theculture,theinstitutions,theconstraintsandthecatalyststhatmovetheplotforwardandthickenit.Romeos,forWiener,playtheleadingpartsinthestory,becausethereisastrongfortuitouselementtoinventionsandthereisnoinevitabilitythatapossiblediscoverywillbemadeatagiventimeandspace.Takeawayeitherone,Romeoorthebalcony,andthewholestoryfallsapart.Inasimilarvein,wewouldlikenstudiesofstrategicmanagementto“allbalconyandnoRomeo.”Butifweaccusestrategicmanagementofbeing“allbalconyandnoRomeo,”strategicmanagementscholarscouldlegitimatelyaccuseentrepreneurshipofbeing“allRomeoandnobalcony.”InthischapterwewishtosuggestapointofviewfromentrepreneurshipthatwillallowstrategicmanagementscholarstoaccommodatemoreRomeosintheirstories.Althoughthesetwofieldshavemuchtooffereachother(tradeinbalconiesandRomeos),theyhavedevelopedlargelyindependentofeachother.Wewishtosuggestthatentrepreneurshiphasaroletoplayinstrategicmanagementtheoryandthatstrategicmanagementtheoryenrichesourunderstandingoftheentrepreneurialprocess,althoughthislatteraspectwillnotbethefocusofthischapter.Oneusefulwayofthinkingaboutentrepreneurshipisthatitisconcernedwithunderstandinghow,intheabsenceofmarketsforfuturegoodsandservices,thesegoodsandservicesmanagetocomeintoexistence(Venkataraman,1997).Totheextentvalueisembodiedinproductsandservices,entrepreneurshipisconcernedwithhowtheopportunitytocreate1WeinertookhisinspirationfromtheworkoftheEnglishwriter,RudyardKipling.无忧商务免责声明：本站所有资源来源于互联网和会员交流，该资料版权为原作者所有，若作者有版权声明的或文章从其它站转载而附带有原所有站的版权声明者，其版权归属以附带声明为准。若侵犯到您的版权,请提出指正,我们将立即删除。请下载试用者二十四小时后删除，试用后请购买正版的资源。“value”insocietyisdiscoveredandacteduponbysomeindividuals.AsWienerhasnoted(Wiener,1993:7),atthebeginningstagesofanewidea,theeffectivenessoftheindividualisenormous:“Beforeanynewideacanariseintheoryandpractice,somepersonorpersonsmusthaveintroduceditintheirownminds…Theabsenceoforiginalmind,eventhoughitmightnothaveexcludedacertainelementofprogressinthedistantfuture,maywelldelayitforfiftyyearsoracentury.”Thefieldofstrategicmanagementcanbeusefullydescribedashavingtodowiththe“methods”usedtocreatethis“value”andtheensuingstruggletocaptureasignificantshareofthat“value”byindividualsandfirms.Thus,ifweunderstandentrepreneurshipandstrategicmanagementasthefieldsthattogetherseektodescribe,explain,predictandprescribehowvalueisdiscovered,created,captured,andperhapsdestroyed,thenthereisnotonlymuchthatwecanlearnfromeachother,buttogetherwerepresenttwosidesofthesamecoin:thecoinofvaluecreationandcapture.Onesideofthecoin,namelystrategicmanagement,hastodowiththeachievementofends–obtainingmarketshare,profit,andsustainedcompetitiveadvantage.Theothersideofthecoin,namelyentrepreneurship,hastodowiththeachievementofbeginnings–creatingproducts,firms,andmarkets.Buttheclarityandcomplexitywithwhichanauthorconnectsbeginningsandendsiswhatmakesagreatstory.Webelievethereallyinterestingstorybetweenstrategicmanagementandentrepreneurshiphasnotyetbeentold.Themainreasonforthisisthatingeneral,creationcallsforverydifferentmodesofthinkingandbehaviorthancaptureandsustenanceovertime.Yetthecreationprocessnotonlydeterminescertainpowerfultendenciesforsurvivalandgrowth,butsomeelementsofitalsopersistoverlongperiodsoftime,subtlyandsubstantiallyinfluencingtheselectionandachievementoflaterends.Carefullybearinginmind无忧商务免责声明：本站所有资源来源于互联网和会员交流，该资料版权为原作者所有，若作者有版权声明的或文章从其它站转载而附带有原所有站的版权声明者，其版权归属以附带声明为准。若侵犯到您的版权,请提出指正,我们将立即删除。请下载试用者二十四小时后删除，试用后请购买正版的资源。(Rumelt,et.al.,1994)Theyfurtheridentifyfourfundamentalissuestha