2019-2020学年高中英语 Unit 1 Great scientists Section Ⅰ

JohnSnowJohnSnow(1813－1858)wasborninGreatBritainandworkedasadoctor.Hewasoriginally①ananaesthetist(麻醉师).HewassofamousthathebecamethepersonaldoctorforQueenVictoria.Fouroutbreaks②ofcholerainthe1830sand1840skilledmanypeopleinEngland.In1854,themostterribleoutbreakofcholerawhicheveroccurredinthekingdombegan.Itwassoviolentandsuddenthat127peoplearoundBroadStreetdiedinthefirstthreedays.JohnSnowwantedtofacethechallenge③andsolvetheproblem.Atfirsthesuspected④thetheorywhichsuggestedthatpeopleabsorbed⑤thisdiseaseintotheirbodieswiththeirmealswascorrect.Aftermanydaysofhardwork,finallyhefoundthatthewaterfromthepolluted⑥riverinLondonwastoblame⑦.Todefeatcholera,Johnsuggestedthesourceofwatersuppliesshouldbeexamined,andthewatercompaniesshouldnotexpose⑧peopletopollutedwateranymore.Atlast,Johnfulfilled⑨hisaim.[多积词汇]①originallyadv.原本；起初②outbreakn.(疾病等)爆发③challengen.挑战④suspectvt.怀疑⑤absorbvt.吸收⑥pollutedadj.被污染的⑦blamevt.责备⑧exposevt.暴露⑨fulfillv.完成；履行SectionⅠWarmingUp&Reading—Pre­reading[原文呈现]JOHNSNOW①DEFEATS②“KINGCHOLERA③”JohnSnowwasafamousdoctorinLondon—soexpert④，indeed,thatheattended⑤QueenVictoria⑥asherpersonalphysician⑦.Buthebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeopleexposedto⑧cholera.Thiswasthedeadly⑨diseaseofitsday⑩.Neitheritscausenoritscure⑪wasunderstood.Somanythousandsofterrifiedpeoplediedeverytime⑫therewasanoutbreak⑬.JohnSnowwantedtofacethechallenge⑭andsolvethisproblem.Heknewthatcholerawouldneverbecontrolleduntilitscausewasfound.[读文清障]①JohnSnow约翰·斯诺(1813－1858)，英国医生②defeat[dI'fiːt]vt.打败；战胜；使受挫③KingCholera1854年爆发于英国的一次严重霍乱④expert['ekspɜːt]adj.熟练的n．专家；行家⑤attend[ə'tend]vt.照顾；护理；参加⑥QueenVictoria维多利亚女王(1819－1901)⑦physician[fI'zIʃn]n．医生；内科医师⑧expose[Ik'spəʊz]...to使……显露；暴露过去分词短语exposedtocholera作后置定语，修饰people。⑨deadly['dedlI]adj.致命的⑩ofitsday当时；那时。在句中作后置定语。⑪cure[kjʊə]n．治愈；痊愈vt.治愈；治疗⑫everytime每次；用作连词，连接时间状语从句。⑬outbreak['aʊtbreIk]n．爆发；发作(尤指疾病或战争)⑭challenge['tʃælIndʒ]n．挑战Hebecameinterestedintwotheoriesthat⑮possiblyexplainedhowcholerakilledpeople.Thefirstsuggestedthatcholeramultiplied⑯intheair.Acloudof⑰dangerousgasfloatedarounduntilitfounditsvictims⑱.Thesecondsuggestedthatpeopleabsorbed⑲thisdiseaseintotheirbodieswiththeirmeals.Fromthestomachthediseasequicklyattackedthebodyandsoontheaffected⑳persondied.[原文呈现][读文清障]⑮that在句中引导定语从句，修饰先行词theories。⑯multiplyv．繁殖；成倍增加；乘⑰acloudof一团……⑱victim['vIktIm]n．受害者⑲absorb[əb'zɔːb]vt.吸收；吸引；使专心absorb...into...将……吸入……⑳过去分词affected在句中作定语，意为“受疾病侵袭的”。约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”[第1～2段译文]约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成了维多利亚女王的私人大夫。但当他一想到要帮助(那些)受到霍乱威胁的普通百姓，他就感到很振奋。霍乱是当时最致命的疾病。人们既不知道它的病源，也不知道它的治疗方法。因此，每次爆发霍乱时就有成千上万惊恐的人死去。约翰·斯诺想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。他知道在找到病源之前，疫情是无法控制的。对于霍乱是如何致人死亡的，当时有两种相对合理的看法，斯诺对这两种看法比较感兴趣。第一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖，它像一股危险的气体到处飘浮，直到找到受害者为止。第二种看法是人们是在吃饭时把这种病毒引入体内的。疾病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，患者很快就会死亡。[原文呈现]JohnSnowsuspected○21thatthesecondtheorywascorrectbutheneededevidence.Sowhenanotheroutbreakhit○22Londonin1854,hewasreadytobeginhisenquiry○23.As○24thediseasespreadquicklythroughpoorneighbourhoods○25，hebegantogatherinformation.Intwoparticularstreets,thecholeraoutbreakwassosevere○26that○27morethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindout○28why.[读文清障]○21suspect[sə'spekt]vt.认为；怀疑['sʌspekt]n．被怀疑者；嫌疑犯○22hitvt.(厄运、灾难等)突然袭击；侵袭○23enquiry[In'kwaIərI]n．询问○24as在句中引导时间状语，意为“当……时候”。○25neighbourhood['neIbəhʊd]n．附近；邻近○26severe[sI'vIə]adj.严重的；剧烈的；严厉的○27so...that...“如此……以至于……”○28bedeterminedtodo下定决心做[第3段译文]约翰·斯诺推测第二种理论是正确的，但他需要证据。因此，在1854年伦敦再次暴发霍乱时，约翰·斯诺就准备开始他的调查。当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候，他就开始收集资料。在两条特定的街上霍乱流行得很严重，以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。他决心要查明原因。[原文呈现]Firsthemarkedon○29amaptheexactplaceswhereallthedeadpeoplehadlived○30.Thisgavehimavaluableclue○31aboutthecauseofthedisease.Manyofthedeaths○32werenearthewaterpump○33inBroadStreet○34(especiallynumbers16,37,38and40)．Healsonoticedthatsomehouses(suchas20and21BroadStreetand8and9CambridgeStreet○35)hadhadnodeaths.Hehadnotforeseen○36this,sohemadefurtherinvestigations○37.Hediscoveredthatthesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeerandsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Itseemedthat○38thewaterwastoblame○39.[读文清障]○29mark...on...把……标在……上○30where引导定语从句，修饰先行词places。○31clue[kluː]n．线索；提示○32deathn．死；死亡(人数)；死亡案例○33pump[pʌmp]n．泵；抽水机vt.(用泵)抽(水)○34BroadStreet牛津城的宽街，历史建筑群最密集的街道之一。○35Cambridge['keImbrIdʒ]Street剑桥大街○36foresee[fɔː'siː]vt.(foresaw,foreseen)预见；预知○37investigation[InˌvestI'geIʃn]n．调查○38Itseemedthat...好像……○39blame[bleIm]vt.责备；谴责n．过失；责备betoblame应受责备；该受责备[原文呈现]Next,JohnSnowlookedinto○40thesourceofthewaterforthesetwostreets.Hefoundthatitcamefromtheriverpolluted○41bythedirtywaterfromLondon.HeimmediatelytoldtheastonishedpeopleinBroadStreettoremovethehandle○42fromthepumpsothatitcouldnotbeused○43.Soonafterwardsthediseasesloweddown○44.Hehadshownthatcholerawasspreadbygerms○45andnotinacloudofgas.[读文清障]○40lookinto调查；了解○41pollute[pə'luːt]vt.污染；弄脏○42handle['hændl]n．柄；把手vt.处理；操纵○43sothat引导目的状语从句。○44slowdown减缓；缓解○45germ[dʒɜːm]n．微生物；细菌[第4～5段译文]首先，他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的确切的地方。这提供了一条说明霍乱病因的很有价值的线索。许多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近(特别是16、37、38、40号)。约翰·斯诺还发现有些住宅(如宽街上的20号和21号以及剑桥大街上的8号和9号)却无人死亡。他以前没预见到这种情况，所以他要进行更进一步的调查。他发现，这些人都在剑桥大街7号的酒馆里工作。酒馆为他们免费提供啤酒喝，因此他们没有喝从宽街