（江苏专用）2020高考英语二轮复习 增分篇 专题三 阅读理解 专题复习4板块——3.重难类题目精研

123重难类题目精研第二讲推理判断题重难类题目精研第三讲主旨大意题重难类题目精研第四讲词义猜测题推理判断题、主旨大意题和词义猜测题这三种题型属于阅读理解中的重点、难点，本课针对这三种易失分的题型重点讲解，以期在二轮有限的复习时间内帮助考生攻重点、破难点。找到失分点，才是努力点；攻克薄弱点，才是增分点。第二讲推理判断题(一)熟悉3种常考题型1．细节推理判断题细节推理判断题要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生只有正确把握文章的内在联系，理解文章的真正含义，才可能作出准确的推断。题干主要包括六个动词：infer(推断),indicate(象征，暗示),imply(暗示),suggest(暗示),conclude(作出结论)和assume(假定，设想)。析题型——高考怎么考该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：·Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat________.·Comparedwithothersimilarproducts,thenewdesign_______.·Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.·Thewriter/authorindicates/suggests/impliesthat________.2．观点、态度推理判断题(1)文章的观点或结论推理判断题此类试题问的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全文观点，可能只是文章中的某一观点。但要推测文中某一观点，仍离不开对全文中心思想的把握。因为它们在语义上是紧密相连的，次要的观点是支撑说明全文主要观点的。所以了解全文主要观点或中心思想对正确解答此类试题至关重要。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：·Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.·Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage?·Fromthepassagewecanconcludethat________.(2)作者态度、语气推理判断题此类试题往往通过作者在文章里的措词、文体和结构表现出来，并常常用下面的一些词汇进行表述。如：褒义词useful,interesting,admiring,positive等；贬义词disappointed,critical,negative等；中性词indifferent,humor,neutral等。因此考生必须透过字里行间察其端倪，以此作为前提进行推理。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：·Theattitudeoftheauthortowardssomebody/somethingis________.·Theauthor'sattitudetowards...canbebestdescribedas________.·Thetoneofthispassageisbestdescribedas_______.3．写作意图推理判断题写作意图推理判断题要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型不但要求考生能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：·Themainpurposeofthistextis________.·What'stheauthor'spurposeinwritingthisarticle?·Itcanbeconcludedthatthepassageismainlywrittenfor________.·Theauthorwritesthispassageto________.·Theauthorinthispassageintendsto________.(二)明确选项特征1．正确选项特征推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或论据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，它一般具有以下特征：(1)“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。(2)选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如only,never,all,absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有余地的词汇，如often,usually,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,possibly,probably等。2．干扰选项特征(1)主观臆断：没有基于原文进行推断，而是根据常识推断。(2)过度推断：有时作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做评论，而一些选项却主观地进行推断。如提到一样东西贵，并不意味着就买不起。(3)错误推断：某些细节看似在原文中出现过，但与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置等。(4)以细节代替推断：只是原文简单的复述，而非推断出来的结论。通技法——解题怎么办[典例](江苏高考阅读C)ElNino～，aSpanishtermfor“theChristchild，”wasnamedbySouthAmericanfishermenwhonoticedthattheglobalweatherpattern,whichhappenseverytwotosevenyears,reducedtheamountoffishescaughtaroundChristmas.ElNino～seeswarmwater,collectedoverseveralyearsinthewesternPacific,flowbackeastwardswhenwindsthatnormallyblowwestwardsweaken,orsometimestheotherwayround.Theweathereffects,bothgoodandbad,arefeltinmanyplaces.RichcountriesgainmorefrompowerfulNinos～，onbalance,thantheylose.AstudyfoundthatastrongNino～in1997­98helpedAmerica'seconomygrowby＄15billion,partlybecauseofbetteragriculturalharvests：farmersintheMidwestgainedfromextrarain.Thetotalriseinagriculturalincomesinrichcountriesisgreaterthanthefallinpoorones.ButinIndonesiaextremelydryforestsareinflames.Amulti­yeardrought(干旱)insouth­eastBrazilisbecomingworse.ThoughheavyrainsbroughtaboutbyElNino～mayrelievethedroughtinCalifornia,theyarelikelytocausesurfacefloodingandotherdisasters.ThemostrecentpowerfulNino～，in1997­98,killedaround21,000peopleandcauseddamageworth＄36billionaroundtheglobe.ButsuchNinos～comewithmonthsofwarning,andsomuchisknownabouthowtheyhappenthatgovernmentscanprepare.AccordingtotheOverseasDevelopmentInstitute(ODI),however,just12%ofdisaster­relieffundinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneonreducingrisksinadvance,ratherthanrecoveryandrebuildingafterwards.Thisisdespiteevidencethatadollarspentonrisk­reductionsavesatleasttwoonreconstruction.Simpleimprovementstoinfrastructure(基础设施)canreducethespreadofdisease.Bettersewers(下水道)makeitlesslikelythatheavyrainisfollowedbyanoutbreakofthediseaseofbadstomach.Strongerbridgesmeanvillagesarelesslikelytobeleftwithoutfoodandmedicineafterfloods.Accordingtoapaperin2011byMrHsiangandcoauthors,civilconflictisrelatedtoElNino～'sharmfuleffects—andthepoorerthecountry,thestrongerthelink.Thoughtherelationshipmaynotbecausal,helpingdividedcommunitiestopreparefordisasterswouldatleastreducetheriskthatthosedisastersarefollowedbykillingandwoundingpeople.SincethepoorestareleastlikelytomakeupfortheirlossesfromdisasterslinkedtoElNino～，reducingtheirlossesneedstobethepriority.[尝试解题]1．ThedataprovidedbyODIinParagraph4suggestthat________.A．moreinvestmentshouldgotoriskreductionB．governmentsofpoorcountriesneedmoreaidC．victimsofElNino～deservemorecompensationD．recoveryandreconstructionshouldcomefirst2．(改编)Thetoneofthispassageisbestdescribedas________.A．negativeB．positiveC．neutralD．critical3．Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage？()A．TointroduceElNino～anditsorigin.B．ToexplaintheconsequencesofElNino～.C．ToshowwaysoffightingagainstElNino～.D．TourgepeopletoprepareforElNino～.[由题型析技法]1．细节推理判断题第1题为细节推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词“ThedataprovidedbyODIinParagraph4”可以迅速定位到文章第四段中的“AccordingtotheOverseasDevelopmentInstitute(ODI)...savesatleasttwoonreconstruction”，经过分析、推理可知，这些数据说明了减少风险的投入太少，政府应该加大这方面的投入，故正确答案为A项。[个性技法]2．观点、态度推理判断题第2题为观点、态度推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词“Thetoneofthispassage”可知本题考查的是本文的写作语气。根据全文对厄尔尼诺现象的介绍、给全球带来的巨大影响以及做好防范工作的重要性可知，作者的语气是中立的，故正确选项为C项。(1)根据文