（京津鲁琼专用）2020版高考英语二轮复习 专题一 阅读理解 第一部分 题型分类概述教案

-1-第一板块阅读理解与七选五“阅读理解”和“七选五”占据着高考试卷的第一部分。“良好的开端是成功的一半”，前面这两个题型解答的顺利与否，直接影响着后面其他试题的答题时间和答题心态，准做快做阅读理解类试题，为攻克后面的题目节省时间。第一部分题型分类概述|掌握四种题型选项特征，快速阅读不失分[阅读理解·题型细分类][正误选项·特征巧识别]超重点1正确选项特征【考情调研】在阅读理解的备考过程中，明确阅读理解常设选项的特征是快速准确锁定答案的关键。高考英语阅读理解的正确选项一般通过以下途径设置：关键词直接复现：直接复现类可从问题中找到关键词，以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧迅速定位即可。此类题目较为简单，考查频率不高。对原文关键词进行同义转换、正话反说和细节概括：此类题目需对原文信息进行准确理解并简单推理，观察词义、词性及语态的变化。这是命题人常用的设题方式，复习时应掌握英语的多种表达法。[特征1]同义转述从近几年的高考题来看，细节理解题不仅数量有所增加，而且难度也稍有加大，主要表现为题目信息与原文信息表达方式不一致。命题人一般会对文章细节加以转述来考查考生准-2-确理解细节的能力。转述的主要方式有以下三种：1．同义词转化：把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，设为正确选项。2．词性或语态等的变化：把原文中的词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，用另一种表达转述原文信息。3．语言简化概括：把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化或概括成为正确答案。[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅰ·C片段)Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch”fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped,withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive,plastic­likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.30．Whatdotheresearchersexpectofthesmartkeyboard?A．It’llbeenvironment­friendly.B．It’llreachconsumerssoon.C．It’llbemadeofplastics.D．It’llhelpspeeduptyping.[解析]B细节理解题。根据上段中的最后一句“Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.”可知，该研究团队希望在不久的将来将智能键盘推向市场，故选B。[特征2]正话反说正话反说是阅读理解题目中的一个难点，通常有以下几个高频考向：1．Itlooks/soundslike/asif类：表示看/听起来好像是，实际上并不是。2．虚拟语气句：用虚拟语气来表述与事实相反的情况，让读者推断事实内容。3．让步论述：先假设作者的观点反面成立，从而引出一系列荒谬的、不合理的结果，倒过来证明作者观点的正确性。4．反问句。[典例](2019·北京卷·C片段)Theproblemofrobocallshasgottensobadthatmanypeoplenowrefusetopickupcallsfromnumberstheydon’tknow.Bynextyear,halfofthecallswereceivewillbescams(欺诈).Wearefinallywakinguptotheseverityoftheproblembysupportinganddevelopingagroupoftools,appsandapproachesintendedtopreventscammersfromgettingthrough.Unfortunately,it’stoolittle,toolate.Bythetimethese“solutions”(解决方案)becomewidelyavailable,scammerswillhavemovedontocleverermeans.Inthenearfuture,it’snotjustgoingtobethenumberyouseeonyourscreenthatwillbeindoubt.Soonyouwillalsoquestion-3-whetherthevoiceyou’rehearingisactuallyreal.38．Howdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesolutionstotheproblemofrobocalls?A．Panicked.B．Confused.C．Embarrassed.D．Disappointed.[解析]D推理判断题。根据上段中的“Bythetimethese‘solutions’(解决方案)becomewidelyavailable,scammerswillhavemovedontocleverermeans.”可知，等到这些“解决方案”被广泛使用时，不法分子就会转向更聪明的手段；由此可推知作者对自动语音电话问题的解决方案感到很失望，D项意为“失望的”，故选D。[特征3]理解概括阅读理解除了考查考生对细节信息的准确理解外，还要求考生通过思维分析将信息进行归纳概括，使之系统化、条理化。[典例](2019·浙江卷6月·C)Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素)．Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMcIntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(资源)．ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,McIntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt(融雪)．-4-Sincethe1930s,McIntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.30．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．California’sForests:WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?B．CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoonC．WhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?D．PatrickMcIntyre:GrowMoreBigTreesinCalifornia[解析]A标题归纳题。根据全文可知，文章主要讲述了美国加州森林中大树数量急剧下降的现象，并分析了其原因。因此A项能很好地概括全文。故选A。超重点2干扰项特征【考情调研】高考英语阅读理解的错误选项就是命题人用以干扰考生思维的陷阱。高考英语中，由于词汇量的限制，挑选的文章不能过难。命题人就在问题和干扰项上做文章，使考生即使能基本读懂文章，也不能轻松做对题目。现在的干扰项不仅语言复杂，而且欺骗性强，两个语言水平相当、对文章理解程度相差不大的考生会因为对干扰项的辨别能力不同，而影响答题的准确率。为了提高辨别错误和干扰信息的能力，有必要分析干扰项的种种特征，使考生在命题人设置的种种陷阱前，做到胸有成竹。[特征1]偷梁换柱干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅰ·D片段)Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小学),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.32．Whatsortofgirlwastheauthorinherearlyyearsofelementaryschool?A．Unkind.B．Lonely.C．Generous.D．Cool.[解析]C推理判断题。根据上段的第一句“Duringtherosyyearsofelement