大学物理英语词汇

Chapter1Introduction（引言）§1.1SpaceandTime（空间与时间）universe宇宙object物体measurement测量kinematics运动学motionofobjects物体的运动masspoint/particle质点centerofmass质心spaceandtime时空rotation旋转subject研究的对象phenomena现象intergalactic星系间的submicroscopic亚微观的dimension尺度uniform均匀的isotropic各向同性的continuous连续的direction方向graininess颗粒性location位置frameofreference参考系specify确定、规定simultaneously同时地inconsistentwith与…不一致define/definition定义platinum-iridium铂铱合金atomicstandard原子标准transition跃迁meridian子午线generalconferenceonweightsandmeasures国际计量大会vacuum真空formerstandardoflength米原器atomicenergylevel原子能级isotopecesium铯同位素krypton氪angstrom埃§1.2CoordinateSystemsandFramesofReference（坐标系与参考系）frameofreference参考系coordinatesystem坐标系rectangularCartesiancoordinates直角笛卡儿坐标系axis/axes(pl.)（坐标）轴origin坐标原点atrest静止dimension维mutuallyperpendicular互相垂直intersection交点§1.3IdealizedModels（理想模型）idealizedmodel理想模型simplifiedversion简化方式neglect忽略particle质点airresistance空气阻力vacuum真空intermsof利用rigidbody刚体insulator绝缘体§1.4Vectors（矢量）vector矢量scalar标量magnitude大小velocity速度acceleration加速度momentum动量proportionalto正比于parallel平行positionvector位置矢量§1.5PropertiesofVectors（矢量的特点）resultant/netvectoradditionsubtractionequivalenttranslatehead-to-tailmethodparallelogrammethoddiagonalcommutativelawscalarproductdotproductdistributivelawmultiplicationcrossproductvectorproductarearight-handruleparallelmultiplyfunctionsomevariable§1.6ComponentsofaVector（矢量的分量）component分量absolutevalue绝对值projection投影perpendicular垂线rectangularcomponent正交分量§1.7UnitVectors（单位矢量）unitvector单位矢量dimensionless无量纲的unitmagnitude单位大小respectively分别地Chapter2Kinematics:MotioninTwoandThreeDimensions（运动学：二维与三维运动）§2.1KinematicalFunctionofaPoint（质点的运动函数）positionvector位置矢量trigonometry三角学§2.2DisplacementandVelocity（位移与速度）trajectory轨迹displacementvector位移矢量velocity速度ratio比值，比率straightline直线approach趋近、接近limit极限averagevelocity平均速度instantaneousvelocity瞬时速度slope斜率chord弦limitingprocess求极限过程curvedpath弯曲路径derivative导数magnitudeanddirection大小和方向speed速率scalarcomponents标量分量limitingvalue极限值limitingprocess求极限过程tangent相切、切线change增量、改变量differentialn.微分differentiatev.微分、求导integratev.积分integrationn.积分coefficient系数module(矢量的)模successively连续地squareroot平方根§2.3Acceleration（加速度）acceleration加速度averageacceleration平均加速度instantaneousacceleration瞬时加速度secondderivative二阶导数positive正的negative负的respectively分别地one-dimensionalmotion一维运动uniformcircularmotion匀速圆周运动projectilemotion抛体运动§2.4MotionwithConstantAcceleration（匀加速运动）无§2.5LinearMotionwithConstantAcceleration（匀加速直线运动）linear线性的one-dimensional一维的corresponding对应的eliminate消去freelyfallingbodies自由落体airresistance空气阻力accelerationduetogravity重力加速度altitude高度verticaldirection竖直方向negativesign负号latitude经度regardlessof与.无关maximumvalue最大值minimumvalue最小值§2.6ProjectileMotion（抛体运动）projectile抛体trajectory轨迹assumption假设negligible可忽略的rotation转动airfriction空气摩擦parabola抛物线parabolictrajectory抛物线轨迹initial初始的horizontal水平的independent独立的superposition叠加flighttime飞行时间horizontalrange射程maximumheight最大高度horizontalsurface水平面abodyprojectedhorizontally平抛物体vertical竖直的firingangle抛射角§2.7CircularMotion（圆周运动）circularmotion圆周运动uniformcircularmotion匀速圆周运动circularmotionwithvaryingspeed变速圆周运动centripetal向心的arclength弧长angulardisplacement角位移instantaneousangularvelocity（瞬时）角速度radian(s)弧度dimensional有量纲的counterclockwise逆时针clockwise顺时针circle圆centerofacircle圆心vectorially矢量地angularacceleration角加速度tangentialacceleration切向加速度center-seeking向心resolve（矢量）分解centripetalacceleration向心加速度normalacceleration法向加速度perpendicularto垂直于radial径向的radius半径§2.8RelativeMotion（相对运动）relativevelocity相对速度relativeacceleration相对加速度observer观察者outcome结果measurement测量stationary静止的differentiate求微分Galileantransformationequation伽利略变换valid有效的specialtheoryofrelativity狭义相对论asitturnsout结果是relativeto相对于headingduenorth头朝北righttriangle直角三角形upstream逆流hypotenuse直角三角形的斜边Chapter3Newton’sLawsofMotion（牛顿运动定律）§3.1Newton’sFirstLaw（牛顿第一定律）atrest静止netexternalforce/resultantforce合外力inertialframeofreference惯性参考系inertia惯性acton=exert（力）作用于approximation近似inertialmass惯性质量interact(n.interaction)相互作用resultantexternalforce合外力momentum动量unlessstatedotherwise除非另有说明§3.2Newton’sSecondLaw（牛顿第二定律）nonzero非零的mass质量momentum动量rateofchange变化率directlyproportionalto正比于inverselyproportionalto反比于§3.3Newton’sThirdLaw（牛顿第三定律）interact相互作用opposite相反、相对isolated孤立的actionforce作用力reactionforce反作用力§3.4ApplicationsofNewton’sLaws（牛顿运动定律的应用）tension张力diagram示意图isolate隔离free-bodydiagram受力图unknown未知量Atwood’sMachine阿特伍德机lightstring轻绳vertically竖直地frictionless无摩擦的incline斜面pulley滑轮balanced平衡的block木块、滑块wedge楔、斜铁plane平面horizontalsurface水平面§3.5InternationalUnitsandDimensions（国际单位制与量纲）physicalquantity物理量fundamentalunit基本单位universally普遍scientificcommunity科学界luminousintensity光强度abbreviation缩写lowercase小写的uppercase大写的rectangle矩形§3.6IntroductiontoSomeCommonForces（几种常见力）electromagnetic电磁的leanagainst倚靠compress压mattressspring床垫弹簧normalforce法向力、支持力stiffness倔强性stretch拉伸frictionalforce/forceoffriction摩擦力viscousmedium粘滞媒质（介质）resistance阻力forceofstaticfriction静摩擦力maximumforceofstaticfriction最大静摩擦力isproportionalto正比于proportionalityconstant比例常数coefficientofstaticfriction静摩擦系数coefficientofkineticfriction滑动