国外组织行为学课件皮尔森ch03

Chapter3/Slide1Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.Chapter3Perception,Attribution,andDiversityChapter3/Slide2Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.LearningObjectives1.Defineperceptionanddiscusssomeofthegeneralfactorsthatinfluenceperception.2.ExplainsocialidentitytheoryandBruner’smodeloftheperceptualprocess.3.Describethemainbiasesinpersonperception.4.Describehowpeopleformattributionsaboutthecausesofbehaviour.5.Discussvariousbiasesinattribution.Chapter3/Slide3Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.LearningObjectives(continued)6.Discusstheconceptsofworkforcediversityandvaluingdiversity.7.Discusshowracial,ethnic,gender,andagestereotypesaffectorganizationalbehaviourandwhatorganizationscandotomanagediversity.Chapter3/Slide4Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.LearningObjectives(continued)8.Definetrustperceptionsandperceivedorganizationalsupportanddescribeorganizationalsupporttheory.9.Discusspersonperceptionandperceptualbiasesinhumanresources.Chapter3/Slide5Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.WhatIsPerception?•Theprocessofinterpretingthemessagesofoursensestoprovideorderandmeaningtotheenvironment.•Peoplebasetheiractionsontheinterpretationofrealitythattheirperceptualsystemprovides,ratherthanonrealityitself.Chapter3/Slide6Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.ComponentsofPerception•Perceptionhasthreecomponents:–Aperceiver–Atargetthatisbeingperceived–Somesituationalcontextinwhichtheperceptionisoccurring•Eachcomponentinfluencestheperceiver’simpressionorinterpretationofthetarget.Chapter3/Slide7Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.FactorsthatInfluencePerceptionChapter3/Slide8Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.ThePerceiver•Pastexperiencesleadtheperceivertodevelopexpectationsthataffectcurrentperceptions.•Needsunconsciouslyinfluenceperceptionsbycausingustoperceivewhatwewishtoperceive.•Emotions,suchasanger,happiness,orfear,caninfluenceourperceptions.Chapter3/Slide9Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.PerceptualDefence•Thetendencyfortheperceptualsystemtodefendtheperceiveragainstunpleasantemotions.•Peopleoften“seewhattheywanttosee”and“hearwhattheywanttohear.”•Ourperceptualsystemworkstoensurewedonotseeorhearthingsthatarethreatening.Chapter3/Slide10Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.TheTarget•Ambiguoustargetsareespeciallysusceptibletointerpretationandtheadditionofmeaning.•Perceivershaveaneedtoresolveambiguities.•Theperceiverdoesnotorcannotusealltheinformationprovidedbythetarget.•Areductioninambiguitymightnotbeaccompaniedbygreateraccuracy.Chapter3/Slide11Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.TheSituation•Perceptionoccursinsomesituationalcontext,andthiscontextcanaffectwhatisperceived.•Themostimportanteffectthatthesituationcanhaveistoaddinformationaboutthetarget.•Theperceptionofatargetcanchangewiththesituationevenwhentheperceiverandtargetremainthesame.Chapter3/Slide12Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.SocialIdentityTheory•Peopleformperceptionsofthemselvesbasedontheircharacteristicsandmembershipsinsocialcategories.•Oursenseofselfiscomposedofapersonalidentityandasocialidentity.Chapter3/Slide13Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.SocialIdentityTheory(continued)•Personalidentityisbasedonouruniquecharacteristics(e.g.,interests).•Socialidentityisbasedonourperceptionthatwebelongtovarioussocialgroups(e.g.,gender).•Personalandsocialidentitieshelpusanswerthequestion:“WhoamI?”Chapter3/Slide14Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.SocialIdentityTheory(continued)•Weperceiveourselvesandothersasembodyingthemosttypicalattributesofacategoryorwhatarecalled“prototypes.”•Socialidentitiesarerelationalandcomparative.•Peopletendtoperceivemembersoftheirownsocialcategoriesinmorepositiveandfavourableways.Chapter3/Slide15Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.Bruner’sModelofthePerceptualProcess•Whentheperceiverencountersanunfamiliartarget,theperceiverisveryopentotheinformationalcuesinthetargetandthesituation.•Theperceiverwillactivelyseekoutcuestoresolveambiguity.•Astheperceiverencounterssomefamiliarcues,acrudecategorizationofthetargetismade.Chapter3/Slide16Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.Bruner’sModelofthePerceptualProcess(continued)•Thesearchforcuesthenbecomeslessopenandmoreselective.•Theperceiverwillsearchforcuesthatconfirmthecategorizationofthetarget.•Asthecategorizationbecomesstronger,theperceiverwillignoreorevendistortcuesthatviolateinitialperceptions.Chapter3/Slide17Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.Bruner’sModelofthePerceptualProcess:AnExampleChapter3/Slide18Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.PerceptionisSelective•Perceiversdonotusealloftheavailablecues,andthosetheyusearegivenspecialemphasis.•Perceptionisefficientbutthiscanaidandhinderperceptualaccuracy.Chapter3/Slide19Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.PerceptualConstancy•Thetendencyforthetargettobeperceivedinthesamewayovertimeandacrosssituations.•“Gettingoffonthewrongfoot.”Chapter3/Slide20Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.PerceptualConsistency•Thetendencytoselect,ignore,anddistortcuessothattheyfittogethertoformahomogenouspictureofthetarget.•Westriveforconsistencyinourperceptionofpeople.Chapter3/Slide21Copyright©2011PearsonCanadaInc.BasicBiasesinPersonPerception•Theimpressionsweformofothersaresusceptible