全球环境展望3

3UNEPEarthscan20022002ISBN92-807-2087-2()ISBN92-807-2088-0()ISSN1366808030552,Nairobi,Kenya+2542621234+2542623943/[e-mail](IBAMA)CEUCEDARECECNAAECEEAGRIDIOCICISIGCIIISDMSUSARDCMusokotwaneIMERCSANEMANIESRIVMNESDARECSCOPESICSPREPSEPASEITERITEICAPPOdDUWICEDIUCNWRIUNFIPGEOMarionCheatleMunyaradziChenjeVolodymyrDemkineNorbertoFernandezTessaGoverseAnnaStabrawaHabibEl-HabrBobKakuyoLarsKullerudChoudhuryRudraCharanMohantySurendraShresthaAshbinduSinghRonWittKavehZahediSusanneBech,JeremyCasterson,DanClaasen,JuliaCrause,ArthurDahl,HarshaDave,RobdeJong,SalifDiop,SheilaEdwards,TimForesman,SherryHeilemann,ShovaKhatry,DaveMacDevette,TimoMaukonen,KakukoNagatani-Yoshida,AdrianNewton,EverlynOchola,SamanthaPayne,MarkSchreiner,TillyShames,JosephineWambua,MickWilsonandJinhuaZhangJaapvanWoerdenStefanSchwarzerRobinClarkeRobertLambDilysRoeWardBounford.comPaulSandsBrianLucasLawrenceHislopxiixivGEOxvixviiiGEO-3xxvi2858861161461762062362662933143203383823863973994016819911219971998202230291972200030197219991995/30323333333436GDP1995373940GDP19954143GDP19954345GDP1995/a461990200048GDP1995/a4951GDP1995/a5152GDP19951052(Nunavut)5455106hm259106hm259kg/(a)5961636667697071737374(103hm2)757679%81106hm282832000878891949798100103106m3/a106106107109110112120121124125127128130131133134136139140142km3/a1472000103m3/(a)1481481501551581602000103m3/(a)163AOC167169172172178(106t)179vikg179106t179%180180184kg185kg187kg187190191106t194195106t196/a197kg200202103202106t/a207208t/a209209(ppm)2101998106t/a211t/(a)2151996217EMEP106t/a220103t221t/(a)223106t/a226227106t/a229231232%237237238239240244244245246%24724724825019751990251253t/(a)253(km/(a)256106t/a257%259()2592601950200126719502000102681999269/275Lothar278279mm284106hm2/a28528728829030330431210t/a339ppm339/10340340340200234120022032342343343344%3443462002203234634734734734834834934935120022032351vii352352106t353106t353354106t35435419951355355356356106t35835935936036036036320022032363363106t364364364365365%366366106t368368369370%37037037237220022032372%373373374374106t375375376/1037938057(Habila)85(Rondônia)115(Iguazú)145174175205234235264265292viii23482113CBD16(CSD)17181919199719982021(HDI)2931324242444653555662626364727678848689909599101104105(Clayoquot)1071131131181271291321361371371492114915121152154155157158161164164166170181185188192196197199207211214217218220223224226227229232232239240241241245248254257262263ix19971998268199926926927027327627627627827928128128330284288Nyiragongo299300300301301302302303304305306FEWSNET306307308313321324329333350357361367371377381384392392393393394394395395396396xGEO2719801998/100047606219902000871990200094199020009719902000100:1011990200010319902000109116117142143147150169106m3/a17017717819319752000(%)2372671972200027219722000275282342xi303GEO-3100418GEO-3199210GEO-3xiiiGEO-32002WSSDUNEP10004019721992UNCEDGEO-3GEOUNEPGEO-31972200230GEOUNEPUNEPGEO-3200220321997+519925UNEPWSSDxvGEO2119955UNEPGEOGEOGEOGEOGEOUNGEO20023300CCsGEOGEOGEOGEOGEOGEOCCsUNEP1997GEO-11999GEO-2GEO-3197230GEOxvii20022032GEO-330GEO-3197230GEO60GEO-33019722002197222.21985199519801000hm21992213019909400hm22.4%1460hm2520hm21%199070%199540%287hm221.4%303024%113012%1183301973(CITES)1979(CMS)1990(CBD)1/3108040199019907941200082491124500xix19943760km19503030199719989030195019801980197019801998319731130xx1.02.05.05.010.010.020.020.01.02.01.02.05.05.010.010.020.020.01.02.01990902/3153091042449241562819912/3220101025%7%5%xxii700020322xxivGEO-3778xxviiGEO-3xxviiiGEO-3GEO-3xxix11972–200221972–2002195019601972Strong1999ClarkeTimberlake19821970Stanley197150Pugwash52000(MeadowsMedows1972)1972Campbell199819721973UNCED552121(UN1997)199019931994199419951995199619961995WBCSDWBCSDWBCSD1972–2002172002Rabo19981996ISO1400020011990(KuhndtvanderLugt2000)1990GRI2001GRI1820011993501990100(UN2000)19908817(UNDP1999)199019901996CTBTCTBT1996924712001816179CTBT44803120018CTBTO200130102002UNEP(ILO)UN199930181972–2002200012122POPs20015200112111212POPsPOPsUNEP20019303OECD2001TRI20011986(EPCRA)EPCRAEPCRAEPCRATRITRI1972–200219200020002001IPCC211.45.8IPCC5020IPCC2001199719981996201972–2002GMOs2000UNEP19991999UNDP1/586GDP826874UNDP19991/5119908020Riggs2000UNDP1999UNDP19991120009200032160002000115040001972–2002218000WCD20002001MA150042100MA2001212002221972–20021972–200223Bennett,M.(1995).TheGulfWar.DatabaseforUseinSchools~engenvir//environment/water/oil.gulf.war.html[Geo-1-002]Berz,G.(2001).InsuringagainstCatastrophe.OurPlanet.12,1,19–20Bingham,M.J.(1992).Elephants,Rhinos,Tuna,Bears,OhMy!…HeatedDebatesatRecentCITESConvention.InMahony,D.E.(1996).TheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofFaunaandFlora:AddressingProblemsinGlobalWildlifeTradeandEnforcement.NewEnglandInternational&ComparativeLawAnnua