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PipingJointsHandbookIntroductionThisbooklethasbeenwrittenasanintroductiontoandasourceofgeneralinformationonpipejoints.Theflangedjointappearsdeceptivelysimplebutinfactthescienceofflangesandjointsealingiscomplexandcontinu-ouslydeveloping.Soundjointsarecriticaltopipingintegrityandplantsafety.Apipejointthusreliesontheskillandapplicationofthefitterwhoputsittogether.Correctselectionofmaterials,applicationofprocedures,correctuseoftoolscombinedwiththefitter’sskillareallrequiredtoensureajointofmaximumintegrity.Butmistakeshavehappened;choosingthewronggaskets,usingthewrongstudbolts.Suchmistakescannotbeignored.Thepurposeofthisbookletisthereforetoincreaseunder-standingaboutpipejoints;frompipespecificationsandhowtousethem,tostudboltsandhowtoidentifythem.Withincreasedawarenessandknowledge,itisexpectedthatmistakeswillbeprevented.03000785,May2000page1Thispageleftintentionallyblank.page203000785,May2000ContentsPage1.TechnicalData-CompanyandNationalStandards71.1BPAmocoEngineeringStandards71.2ANSI/APIStandards71.3BritishStandards81.4PipingSpecifications92.Flanges112.1FlangeStandards122.2FlangeFacings122.3FlangeFaceRe-Machining142.4FlangeTypes162.5FlangeSpecificationandIdentification212.6PipeFlanges-Do’sandDon’ts222.7FlangeSurfaceFinishandFlangeDistortion233.Gaskets253.1SelectionofGasketMaterial253.2FugitiveEmissions263.3CompatibilitywithFluid273.4Temperature273.5InternalPressure293.6SpecialConsiderations293.7RTJ(RingTypeJoint)Gaskets323.8SpiralWoundGaskets363.9SheetGaskets433.10CompressedAsbestosFibreGasket(CAF)463.11GasketsforLinedPipework473.12Gaskets-Do’sandDon’ts494.CompactFlangedJoints514.1Taper-Lok514.2GraylockCoupling534.3OtherDesigns544.4CompactFlangesSpecificationandIdentification5503000785,May2000page3Contents(cont’d)Page4.5CompactFlanges-Do’sandDon’ts554.6BreakingJoints564.7MakingJoints585.BoltingforFlangesandCovers615.1BoltMaterialGrade625.2BoltThread625.3BoltCoating/Plating635.4BoltSpecificationandIdentification655.5TensionControlledFasteners-Rotabolt665.6HydraulicBoltTensioning705.7FlangeandBoltProtection725.8Bolting-Do’sandDon’ts725.9ManualBoltTightening735.10BoltTightening-Do’sandDon’ts775.11HotBolting785.12RestrictionsonHotandOddBolting795.13InsulationKitsforBolts805.14InsulatingKitIdentificationandSpecification845.15InsulatingKits-Do’sandDon’ts846.SpadingandBlankingofFlanges877.ScrewedPipingJoints897.1ThreadedJoints897.2SealingonaThreadedJoint907.3TableofThreadJointingCompounds927.4ScrewedUnions947.5ScrewedJointsSpecificationandIdentification957.6ScrewedJoints-Do’sandDon’ts968.CompressionFittings998.1CompressionFittingSpecificationand101Identification8.2CompressionFittings-Do’sandDon’ts102page403000785,May2000Contents(cont’d)Page9.ElastomericO-RingSeals1059.1SelectionofElastomericO-Rings1069.2ElastomericO-RingFailures1079.3ElastomericO-Rings-Specificationand108Identification9.4InstallationofElastomericO-Rings-Do’sand109Don’tsAppendix1-MiscellaneousTechnicalData1111.BoltsMaterialSpecifications1122.HydraulicBoltTensioning1133.SurfaceFinishValuesforTongueandGrooveSmall113Male/FemaleandRingJointFacings4.ChemicalResistance:SelectedElastomersand114PlasticsAppendix2-DimensionalData1171.ANSIB16.5BasicFlangeDimensions1182.ANSIB16.5FlangeBoltHoleandStudboltDimensions1263.RingJointFacingandRTJGasketDimensions1334.SpadesforRaisedFaceFlangestoSuitANSIB16.51405.SpadesforRingTypeJointFlangestoSuitANSI147B16.56.NormalWallThicknessforPipeScheduleSizes1547.ButtWeldingElbowsandReturnBendsto156ANSIB16.9andANSIB16.288.ButtWeldingReducers,Tees,LapJointStubEnds157andCapstoANSIB16.99.WeldedandSeamlessPipe,BS160015810.TableofGauges15911.DecimalEquivalentsofFractions16003000785,May2000page5ContentsAmendmentSheetpage603000785,May2000SectionNos.ContentsDateAmended-Re-issueofhandbookMay20001.TechnicalData-CompanyandNationalStandards1.1BPAmocoEngineeringStandardsThefollowingBPAmocoStandardsarerelevanttopipeflangedjoints:RP42-1PipingSystemsGS142-7GasketsandJointingRP42-2BoltingforFlangedJoints(InchSeries)GS142-4FlangesGS142-5Fittings1.2ANSI/APIStandardsThefollowingAmericanStandardsareusedforthestandardisationofpipejoints:ANSIBI.1UnifiedInchScrewThreads(UNandUNRThreadForm)ANSIBI.20.1PipeThreads,GeneralPurpose(Inch)ANSIB16.5PipeFlangesandFlangedFittingsANSIB16.9FactorymadeWroughtSteelButtWeldingFittingsANSIB16.11ForgedSteelFittings,SocketWeldingandThreadedANSIB16.20Ring-JointGasketsandGrovesforSteelPipeFlanges03000785,May2000page7page803000785,May2000ANSIB16.21Non-MetallicFlatGasketsforPipeFlangesAPI601MetallicGasketsforRFPipeFlangesandFlangedConnectionsAPI6ASpecificationforWellheadandChristmasTreeEquipmentANSIB16.47LargeDiameterSteelFlanges(NPS26throughNPS60)API605LargeDiameterCarbonSteelFlangesANSIB16.1CastIronPipeFlangesandFlangedFittings1.3BritishStandardsThefollowingBritishStandardsarealsousedforthestandardisa-tionofpipejoints:BS1560SteelPipeFlangesandFlangedFittingsBS3381MetallicSpiralWoundGasketsforUsewithFlangestoBS1560BS1832OilResistantCompressedAsbestosFibreJointingBSF125RubberBondedCompressedAsbestosFibreJointingBS3293CarbonSteelP