压力容器无损检测——射线检测技术(Ⅰ)

()(,214028):,:;;;;;:TG115.28:A:100026656(2004)0220082207NONDESTRUCTIVEINSPECTIONOFPRESSUREVESSELS:RADIOGRAPHICTECHNIQUELIYan(WuxiHuaguangBoilerCo.,Ltd,Wuxi214028,China)Abstract:Thecharacteristicsandmainpointsofradiographicexaminationtechniquesforpressurevesselsareoutlined,coveringgeometricarrangement,exposuretechnology,parameterselection,conditionassembly,imagequalityevaluationanddefectinterpretation.Thefundamentalsofeffectivenessandreliabilityofradiographictesting(RT)andthewaystorealizeweldexaminationareemphasized.Also,thelimitationsofthetechniquearediscussed.Finally,thepitfallsinradiographicinspectionofpressurevesselsarepresented.Keywords:Radiographicinspection;Pressurevessel;Weldedjoint;Parametercontrol;Imagequality;Reliability,T,,,,,(RT),,,1:20042012071.1XX()450kV,80mm80mmX(4MeV,9MeV,300mm),X40X,,36025X,,,100mm,2826220042NDTVol.26No.2Feb.200460Co(ShongbergMINAC4/6),X[1],(1m),,1.2192Ir,60Co,75Se169Yb,175Se169Yb75Se,1040mm,192Ir169Yb(0.6mm),1[2]dCm2/kghBq(Rhm/Ci)keVmm60Co5.31)9.410-15(1.35)1170,133050150192Ir74.43.310-15(0.48)320,310,300,470208075Se1181.310-15(0.186)137,2651040169Yb310.8710-15(0.125)63,110,177,198215:1)a()1.3ISO116991:1998[3],()T1T4RTT3,(T2T1),Xb540MPa[4](G2.0)min(G4.0)min(D2.0)max(G/D2.0)min1.4,,-0,,60CoX,[4],1.5,3.54.0(),0.05,5.22,,,(1),()1ac,,()(a)(b)(c)1,,,(),2(),,[5](a)(b)()(c)23L1,[6],[Ug]K(T38:()T)L3AB,L1min10dfL2/32(df,L2),[Ug]0.1L1/32ABK1.03,L3L2/2,Ug;,KL3,,L1[7]TA2T(TA)Ui,Ui=0.0013V0.79(V)Ui[Ug]([Ug]=Ui)[Ug]L1(L1=dfL2[Ug]+L2)4,,X()4.1150kVX,,200400kV,(3040kV),;,T50mm,V=+T(1),,5mmT50mm,=80,=5T2,20mAmin,700mm,1.8(1),,(H)[8]3,,[9](a)(b)(c)3D=1.8=T2T1==10lgE(2)2TH=10lgE(3)T=T2-T1,RT(1),,4.2EItX,E=it(i);,E=At(A),(),[10]E2=E1FDfA(4)E2E1F,D48:()F=F2F12D=10lgEf,Af=10lgEA=2tt1/2tt1/255.1AB,B,(K),()5.2[11],=M2+M22+MU1/2(5),mmM=0.83xx()UU=(U2g+U2i)1/2dW=0.821+U(6)d,W(5)(6),,,,EN1435:1997JB4730[4],(),(),De100mm,(10-0.10.8),,,5.3D,D=lgL0L(7)L0LRT,,,,,[9]JB4730,1.2(X)1.5()1.8(X)210(),3.54.0,L10D3.5=9.934610410104lxL10D4.0=31.415610431.5104lx((3)),[9]22AB1.84.0TW11.34.0B2.04.0W21.54.0,(),,(),,,6,,,58:()()7,,,GDX,,,,,,[12]8(),,,,()(,)(,)(,,,)9[13,14],()(),,WddW=x(dsin+Wcos+U)(8)=0.67(WnUi)maxmax=sin-11.5Wx-Ud(9),RT,ABB,,,W0.01mm,W=0.010.02mm,RT,38mm,RT,(UT)ASME2235:2000,(TOFD),RT,()10RT,,,RT,RT10.1[15],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(),,10.2X(12.5),X,RT,200450mm,68:(),,,,10.3X(192Ir,60Co)X,,,10.4[16],(),(),,()(),()(),,(4),,,,,,,,GB33231982ASME,,,(),,41.()2.(),,()10.5K,,,ABK1.1(=24.62),,K1.06(=19137),0(K=1.0),(W0.01mm)U0.1mm,W=0.01mm,(10),1/10,C=C0WU(10)CU0C0U=0,K,,100%,11(1)20a,,RT,RT(2),RT,,RT(3),RT(x)(U)(x,U),,(4)RT,78:(),K,,RTRT,:[1]HalmshawR.IndustrialRadiology[M].London&NewJersey:AppliedSciencePublishersLtd,1982.137.[2].3[M].:,2002.59.[3]ISO116991:1998,1:[S].[4]JB4730(),2:[S].[5].[J].,2002,18(1):54-56;18(2):65-67.[6].[J].,1995,(4):23-28;(5):19-25.[7].[J].,1999,21(11):486-490.[8]BeckerGeorgeL.RadiographicNDT:DuPontNDTSystems[Z].Wilmington:EIDuPontdeNemours&CoInc,1990.323-325.[9],.[J].,2003,25(8):428-433.[10].[J].,2001,(2):1-4;(3):1-4.[11].[M].:,2001.112-162.[12].[J].,1999,21(7):308-312,327.[13].[J].,1995,(3):1-5.[14]HalmshawR.Thecapabilityofradiographicinspection[J].BritishJNDT,1994,36(3):146-147.[15].RT[J].,2001,(4):4-6,20.[16]LiYan.Sensitivityevaluationindouble2wallormulti2layerradiographicinspectionofweldsinpressurevessels[J].INSIGHT,2003,45(10):672-675.(81)[1],,.[M].:,1999.[2]P,,.[M].:,1996.[3].[J].,2000,(2):16-17.[4].[J].,1994,(2):53-55.[5]ShortNR,etal.Assessmentoffiredamagedconcreteus2ingcolourimageanalysis[J].ConstructionandBuildingMaterials,2001,(15):9-15.[6],,.[J].,2001,31(12):46-47.[7].[J].,1994,23(3):39-40.[8],.[J].,1993,(4):78-83.[9],,.[J].,1996,30(3):286-294.[10].[M].:,1989.[11]Berger2SchunnA,SaltmanM.PracticalColourMea2surement[M].NewYork:Wiley,1994.[12]ClulowFW.ColourItsPrinciplesandTheirAppli2cations[M].UK:FountainPress,1972.[13]DosSantosJR,etal.AssessmentofconcretestructuressubjectedtofireFBTest[J].MagazineofConcreteResearch,2002,54(3):203-208.[14],.[J].,2002,12(2):62-65.[15],.[J].,1998,(A02):229-233.[16],.[J].,1996,41(15):1409-1412.[17]FranersF,Thermoluminescencetestforfiredamagedconcrete[J].MagazineofConcreteResearch,1980,32:112-116.[18].[M].:,2001.[19],.2[J].,2000,28(4):422-425.[20].[D].:,1999.88:()