高效会议管理技巧

INDOORAIRPOLLUTIONHAZARDHanYang...2IMETE21032013Indoorairquality(IAQ)isatermwhichreferstotheairqualitywithinandaroundbuildingsandstructures,especiallyasitrelatestothehealthandcomfortofbuildingoccupants.3IMETE21032013Indoorairqualityisinfluencedby:Outdoorairpollution:vehiclesandindustrialplantsSecondhandtobaccosmokeFuelsusedforheatingandcookingConfinedandpoorlyventilatedspacesOvercrowdedhomesandinsufficientlivingspaceCustoms,habits,traditionsLevelofeconomicdevelopment:Industrialized≠developingcountries4IMETE210320135IMETE21032013IndoorenvironmentsalsoreflectoutdoorairqualityIndustrialoragriculturalactivitiesTreatmentofindustrialeffluentsanddomesticresiduesTrafficSolidwastemanagementCottageindustriesChemicalincidentsandspills6IMETE21032013Indoorairpollutionalsoaffectsoutdoorairquality7IMETE21032013ParticulatematterCarbonmonoxideSecondhandtobaccosmokePesticidesVolatileorganiccompoundsBiologicalpollutants-Mites-Allergens-MouldsRadonAsbestos8IMETE210320139IMETE21032013Openfirecookingstovesproduceheavysmokecontaining:FineparticlesCarbonmonoxide(CO)Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAHs)StronglylinkedtopneumoniaSuggestedlinktolowbirthweightInadults:chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease,lungcancer10IMETE2103201311IMETE21032013AgedistributionofglobalburdenofdiseaseattributabletosolidfueluseAgegroup(yrs)AttributablemortalityAttributableDALYs0–456835–140015–595860+389Youngchildrenathighriskdueto:LungimmaturityHighexposuretoIAP:nearly1millionchildrenunder5yrsdieeveryyearduetosolidfueluse!12IMETE21032013Colourless,odourlessgasformedbyincompleteburningofcarbon-basedfuelsCO’saffinityforHbis240–270timesgreaterthanoxygenFetalHbhashigheraffinityforCOCOcausesaleftwardshiftoftheoxyhaemoglobin(OHb)dissociationcurveIntoxicationresultsintissuehypoxiaMultipleorgansystemsareaffected13IMETE21032013SOURCESGas,kerosene,woodstovesandcoalFires,fireplaces,furnacesLeakingchimneysandventsRoomandwaterheatersVehicleexhaustinclosedgarageTobaccosmoke14IMETE21032013Symptoms:Headache,dizzinessNausea,vomitingIrritabilitySleepiness,confusionUnconsciousness,comaDeathIncreasingCOHb15IMETE21032013INCREASESRISKOF:RespiratorytractillnessAsthmaMiddleeareffusionsPrenatalcomplicationsandlowbirthweightFire-relatedinjuriesSuddeninfantdeathsyndrome(SIDS)Cancers(childhoodleukemiaandothers)16IMETE2103201370%morerespiratoryproblemsPneumoniaandhospitalizationinyear1is38%higherInfantmortalityis80%higher20%ofallinfantdeathscouldbeavoidedifallpregnantsmokersstoppedbythe16thweekofgestation5timeshigherriskofsuddeninfantdeathsyndrome(SIDS)Childrenwhosemotherssmoke:17IMETE21032013Sprayingpesticidesindoor:HigherconcentrationsnearthefloorPersistenceinsomesurfaces(carpets,softtoys)Overuseandmisuse18IMETE2103201319IMETE21032013Sources:Solvents,fabricsofteners,deodorizersandcleaningproductsPaints,glues,resins,waxesandpolishingmaterialsSpraypropellants,drycleaningfluidsPensandmarkersBindersandplasticizersCosmetics:hairsprays,perfumes20IMETE21032013Acute:IrritationofeyesandrespiratorytractGeneral:headache,dizziness,lossofcoordination,nausea,visualdisordersAllergicreactions,includingasthmaandrhinitisChronic:Damagetoliver,kidney,bloodsystemandcentralnervoussystem(CNS)Somemaycausecancerinhumans(formaldehyde)21IMETE21032013IndustrializedcountriesHouseholdcleanersanddeodorizersGluesandresinsTobaccosmokeCarpetingFurnitureanddyedmaterialsPressedwoodproductsUreaformaldehydeinsulatingfoam(UFFI)OthersDevelopingcountriesUseofsolidfuelsindoorsMosquitocoilsFurniture(pressedwood)22IMETE21032013HEALTHEFFECTSIrritationofeyes,noseandthroatBreathingdifficultiesSkinrashAsthmaandotherallergicreactionsMaybeasensitizerMaycausecancer23IMETE21032013Sourcesofbiologicalagents:Water-damagedsurfacesandmaterialsHumidifiersandstagnantwaterWatervapourfromcookingandshoweringAirconditioningsystemsMattresses,upholsteredfurnitureandcarpetsDirt24IMETE21032013FeedonhumandanderPreferwarm,humidenvironmentsSources:bedding,carpets,upholstery,softtoys25IMETE2103201326IMETE2103201327IMETE21032013AirwayandconjunctivalirritationHeadacheDifficultyinconcentratingHypersensitivityreactions:asthma,rhinitisSystemicinfections(immunosuppressedchild)AcuteexposureassociatedwithpulmonaryhaemorrhageininfantsMycotoxinsareassociatedwithhumandiseaseandcauseacuteandchroniceffects28IMETE21032013RadioactivegasreleasedfromsoilandrocksConcentrationsindoorsdependonconstructionsiteandbuildingmaterialsHighestlevelsoccurinbasementsandonthegroundfloor29IMETE2103201330IMETE21032013Healtheffects:NoacutetoxicityAsbestosisresultsfromoccupationalexposureMainriskforchildren:long-termexposuremaycausecancerinadulthoodMalignantmesotheliomaLungcancerAsbestosi