水产养殖中的环境胁迫及其预防_营养学途径

麦康森,艾庆辉,徐玮,刘付志国(,266003):10,,:;;;:S963.16:A:16725174(2004)0576708,,,,,,,,,,,,10,,1,,,,(Stress),,:,;,;,;,4(Acute)(Chronic)[1],;,,,;,2,,,,,(Cortisol)(Heatshockprotein)2.1,(HPI),[24]HPI,[57][8],,[910],,HPI,,,:(G1999012010):20040812;:20040820:(1958),,,,Email:[e-mail]34520049PERIODICALOFOCEANUNIVERSITYOFCHINA34(5):767~774Sept.,20041[1,11],,1Scott[12],,RuaneKomen[10],,,,,12.2,[13],(Chanoschanos),,,[8],[1415],,,[8,16][17],,,,,,,[8],[8]2.31[18],,(),,,[18],(Oreochromismossambicus)[19],,[20]33.1,[8,21],Hsieh[8],,,,CoA,,1Ritola(Salvelinusalpinus),(0.34mg/L/min),,2[22],,Ojolick,,[23],,[3]3.2[24],,[25],(Penaeusmonodon)[26],,1[27],BrownNewman[28]Gracilariopsislongissima,(500mg/L),,3.3,[2930],Rotlland,,(ACH50),[29]Ortuno(Sparusaurata),,[31]Iguchi(Plecoglossusaltivelis),,(IgM)[30],,[30,32]3.4,7682004[3,33],,,,[34],[3537],,[37],,,[35,3839],PankhurstVanDerKraak,,,(GtH),,[35][40],,,McCormick,,()[3]4,,,,,,,,,,,4.1[41],,,,,,:,,,(SDA),,[42],,,[4344],,,,,[4546],,()4.2(),,,CE,4.2.1维生素C,,,C[4749]Merchie(Penaeusvannamei),,2C20~130mg/kg;2000mg/kgC[50]Henrique,C,12,(Hypoxicstress)C[47]SakakuraC(Seriolaquinqueradiata),(Airdive),[51]Montero,CE7695,:,[48]Lim(Poeciliareticulata),C,[74],C,(Ictaluruspunctatus),,C,[49,5354]C,,,[55],C,,,[56],C[53],,C,[4748,5961]4.2.2维生素EEE[46,6062]E,Ortuno,15d,E,30d,45d[45]Cuesta,E,2~4,6,[46],,;E,E,[6163],E,[4546][64]E,,E,Montero,250mg/kgE,,,[48],Montero,,E,,,150mg/kgE,,,[60],E,E,,E4.2.3脂肪酸,,[65],,[6566],,,,()[67],Kanazawa(Pagrusmajor)(Limandayokohamae),0%,1%2%DHA(Docosahexaenoicacid)0%,3%5%(SBL),DHASBL[68]Tago(Paralichthysolivaceus),DHAPC(Docosahexaenoicacidphosphatidylocholine)DHATG(Docosahexaenoicacidtriglyceride)EPAPC(Eicosapentaenoicacidphosphatidylcholine)[69]4.2.4微量元素,[70];,,,,[7172]7702004,,C,[52,7173],4.3()[7576],[7678],,Jeney,(0.1%),[77],Chien(Penaeusmonodon),,[79],Chien,80mg/kg,(Superoxidedismutase,SOD)(Totalantioxidantstatus,TAS),[76]5,,,:(1);(2),;(3);(4);(5):[1]PickeringAD.Environmentalstressandthesurvivalofbrowntrout,Salmotrutta[J].FreshwaterBiol,1989,21:4755.[2]PickeringAD,DustonJ.Administrationofcortisoltobrowntrout,SalmotruttaL.,anditseffectsonthesusceptibilitytoSaprolegniainfectionandfurunculosis[J].JFishBiol,1983,23:163175.[3]McCormickSD,ShrimptomJM,CareyJB,etal.RepeatedacutestressreducesgrowthrateofAtlanticsalmonparrandaltersplasmalevelsofgrowthhormone,insulinlikegrowthfactorIandcortisol[J].Aquaculture,1998,169:221235.[4]BenfeyTJ,BironM.Acutestressresponseintriploidrainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)andbrooktrout(Salvelinusfontinalis)[J].Aquaculture,2000,184:167176.[5]SunLT,ChenGR,ChangCF.Acuteresponseofbloodparametersandcomatoseeffectsinsaltacclimatedtilapiasexposedtolowtemperatures[J].JThermBiol,1995,20:299306.[6]ChenWH,SunLT,TsaiCL,etal.Coldstressinducedthemodulationofcatecholamines,cortisol,immunoglobulinM,andleukocytephagocytosisintilapia[J].GeneralandComparativeEndocrinology,2002,126:90100.[7]FevoldenSE,RoedKH,FjalestadK.Acombinedsaltandconfinementstressenhancesmortalityinrainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)selectedforhighstressresponsiveness[J].Aquaculture,2003,216:6776.[8]HsiehSL,ChenYN,KuoCM.Physiologicalresponses,desaturaseactivity,andfattyacidcompositioninmilkfish(Chanoschanos)undercoldacclimation[J].Aquaculture,2003,220:903918.[9]ProcarioneLS,BarryTP,MalisonJA.Effectsofhighrearingdensitiesandloadingratesonthegrowthandstressresponsesofjuvenilerainbowtrout[J].NAmJAquacult,1999,61:9196.[10]RuaneNM,KomenH.Measuringcortisolinthewaterasanindicatorofstresscausedbyincreasedloadingdensityincommoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio)[J].Aquaculture,2003,218:685693.[11]SadlerJ,WellsRMG,PankhurstPM,etal.Bloodoxygentransport,rheologyandhaematologicalresponsestoconfinementstressindiploidandtriploidAtlanticsalmon,Salmosalar[J].Aquaculture,2000,184:349361.[12]ScottAP,PinillosM,EllisT.Whymeasuresteroidsinfishplasmawhenyoucanmeasuretheminwater?[A].Goos,HJTh,RastogiRK,VaudryH,etal.Eds.PerspectiveinComparativeEndocrinology:UnityandDiversity[M].Bologna:MonduzziEditore,2001.12911295.[13]BartonBA,IwamaGK.Physiologicalchangesinfishfromstressinaquaculturewithemphasisontheresponseandeffectsofcorticosteroid[J].AnnuRevFishDis,1991,1:326.[14]RotllantJ,TortL.Cortisolandglucoseresponsesafteracutestressbynethandlinginthesparidredporgypreviouslysubjectedtocrowdingstress[J].JFishBiol,1997,51:2128.[15]Pottinger.Changesinbloodcortisol,glucoseandlactateincarpretainedinanglerskeepnets[J].JFishBiol,1998,53:728742.[16]GrutterAS,Pankhurst.Thee.ectsofcapture,handling,confinementandectoparasiteloadonplasmalevelsofcortisol,glucoseand7715,:lactateinthecoralreeffishHemigymnusmelapterus[J].JFishBiol,2000,57:391401.[17]MorganJD,IwamaGK.Measurementsofstressedstatesinthefield[A].IwamaGK,PickeringAD,SumpterJP,etal.Eds.FishStressandHealthinAquaculture[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniv.Press,1997.247268.[18]IwamaG,VijayanMM,ForsythRB,etal.Heatshockproteinsandphysiologicalstressinfish[J].AmZool,1999,39:901909.[19]BasuN,NakanoT,GrauEG,etal.Theeffectsofcortisolonheatshockprotein70levelsintwofishspecies[J].GeneralandComparativeEndocrinology,2001,124:97105.[