汽油车排放污染检测与控制研究

I摘要随着经济条件的迅猛发展，汽车在全国范围内已越来越普及，在人们交通越来越便利的同时，汽车尾气排放的污染也越来越成为威胁人们赖以生存的环境的主要途径之一。尤其在一些大中城市汽车排气造成的环境污染问题日趋严重。目前，大气污染已逐渐成为世界性的问题，应当引起足够重视。分析了汽车排放污染物的主要成分、危害、生成机理以及影响因素，对汽油机的排放污染物的检测和控制方法作了一些具体的分析，以及汽油机排气净化，机内、机外净化作了详细的研究，排气后处理技术的研究及发展进程等。为未来汽车污染的有效控制以及新一代更为环保型汽车指明了有效的途径。关键字：汽油机，排放污染物，检测，控制IIAbstractWiththerapiddevelopmentofeconomic,thecarhasbecomeincreasinglypopularinchina,atthesametimepeoplearebecomingmoreconvenient,automobileemissionpollutionisalsobecomingoneofthemainenvironmentalthreattpeople'ssurvival.Especiallyinsomelargeandmedium-sizedcities,carexhaustcausedbyenvironmentalpollutionproblemsgetsmoreandmoreserious.Atpresent,theairpollutionhasgraduallybecometheworld'sproblem,whichshouldpayenoughattention.Analysisthecaremissionsmajorcomponent,harm,andtheformationmechanismandinfluencingfactors,ontheengineofthedischargeofpollutantsinthedetectionandcontrolmethodforthespecificanalysis,andgasolineengineexhaustpurification,machines,purificationdetailedresearch,exhaustafter-treatmenttechnologyresearchanddevelopmentprocess,etc.Forthefutureofthepollutioncontrolandanewgenerationofmoreenvironment-friendlycarindicatedtheeffectiveapproach.Keywords:Gasolineengine,Emissionspollutant,Test,Control山东交通学院毕业设计(论文)1目录前言......................................................................11汽车排放污染检测与控制概述..............................................21.1环境保护与汽车.....................................................21.2我国大气污染状况现状...............................................21.3汽车排放控制技术的发展过程.........................................31.4国内外汽车排放标准.................................................42汽车排放污染物的成因及其危害............................................62.1一氧化碳的危害.....................................................62.2碳氢化合物的危害...................................................62.3氮氧化合物的危害...................................................73汽车排放污染物的影响因素................................................83.1影响一氧化碳生成的因素.............................................83.2影响碳氢化合物形成的因素...........................................93.3影响氮氧化物形成的因素...........................................103.4汽油机微粒.......................................................114汽油机机内净化.........................................................124.1汽油机机内净化概述................................................124.1.1汽油机的燃烧过程............................................124.1.2汽油机机内净化的主要措施....................................134.2分层燃烧系统与电喷技术............................................144.3废气再循环........................................................144.3.1废气再循环及其净化原理......................................144.3.2废气再循环的控制策略........................................154.3.3EGR率对汽油机净化与性能的影响..............................155汽油机后处理净化.......................................................175.1发动机排气后处理..................................................175.2三元催化转化器....................................................175.2.1三元催化转化器的基本结构....................................175.2.2催化反应原理...................................................185.2.3三元催化转化器的性能指标....................................186低排放燃料及汽车新能源.................................................206.1汽油对排放的影响..................................................206.2汽油的改善（提高汽油质量）........................................216.2.1加速使用无铅汽油............................................216.2.2提高汽油的抗爆指数，供应含氧燃料............................216.3采用代用燃料......................................................2226.3.1气体燃料（天然气和液化石油气）..............................226.3.2醇类燃料....................................................226.3.3氢气........................................................236.4采用先进技术.....................................................236.5降低汽油车排污的简易方法..........................................246.5.1调整化油器..................................................246.5.2调整气门间隙................................................256.5.3调整点火提前角、火花塞间隙、断电器触点间隙..................256.5.4合理驾驶....................................................257．汽车排放测试..........................................................267.1汽车排放测试系统..................................................267.1.1汽车排放污染物取样系统......................................267.1.2常用汽车排放污染物的检测方法................................267.2汽车检测设备....................................................287.2.1仪器的选择..................................................287.2.2仪器的保养..................................................287.2.3仪器使用要规范操作..........................................287.3测量与分析........................................................297.3.1微粒质量测量................................................297.3.2微粒成分分析................................................29结论...................................................................30致谢...................................................................31参考文献.................................................................32山东交通学院毕业设计(论文)1前言随着汽车工业的不断发展，汽车的保有量不断增加，汽车在给人类带来方便的同时，也对人们的健康和社会环境造成了危害。据预测，到2020年，我国的汽车保有量将有望达到1.4亿量。随着我国国民经济的持续快速发展，大城市大气环境污染变得日益突出。因此，如何采取有效措施，最大限度地降低汽车发动机排放的污染物,以满足国内外