环境保护中示踪原子和辐射技术应用研究进展

1,2(1.,712000;2.,730000)CN7Be137Cs,,,;;;X34A0517-6611(2006)11-2607-05TheStudyonApplicationofRadiationTechnologyintheEnvironmentalProtectionWANGYan-li(DepartmentofResources,EnvironmentandUrbanScience,XianyangNormalUniversity,Xianyang,Shaanxi712000)AbstractTraceratomandradiationprocessingarepromisingtechnologiesforapplicationsinenvironmentalprotection.Anintroductiontotheimportantprogressesofstudyonwaterlossandsoilerosionusingstablecarbon,nitrogenisotopes,7Be,and137Csastracersispresented.Themechanismsandapplicationsoftheelectronbeamandraysirradiationinindustrialeffluentdisposalarediscussed.Advantagesandexistingproblemsofthemethodinthisparticularapplicationarediscussed,too.Theimportantrolesoftheirradiationtechnologyinenvironmentprotectionaredescribed.KeywordsEnvironmentprotection;Waterlossandsoilerosion;Tracer;Irradiationtechnology,,,2004,,356km2,37%;,7,,,,,,,[1-3]14C7Be137Cs,,(),,,,,,,[3],(AdvancedOxidationProcess,AOP),,,,,OHHO2e-aqH,[4-6],(10574132);(02XSYK209)(1963-),,,,2006-03-28,1:N(t)=N0e-t,,N0t=0,Nt,14C5730,14C12C,,14C14C,Kirsty[7]200591514C,,1.6,CN,CN,,13C,13C,,,:X=[(R/R-1)]103X13C,R13C/12C,13C-2010-3,13C-2510-3,13C14C,C/N,[8-11],Shultz[12],1:X=RtXt+RmXm,X%Xt%Xm%Tan[12],JournalofAnhuiAgri.Sci.2006,34(11):2607-2611,;,,[13]:-23.6%27.1%,1.4%5.9%,15NC/N,,,1998,[14]12,13C/12C,,-29.8%-24.9%,,72,-29.8%-23.7%-27.3%-25.6%7,,,137Cs,,,137Cs,Kachanoski[15,16],St=(St-1+Tt-Et)k,,,,137Cs,137Cs,[17],137Cs137Cs,137Cs,,137Cs,,[18],Cs:Cs=74.621E-53.124X,137Cs,,,[19],137Cs,:,120t/(hm2a),100t/(hm2a)[20]137Cs:,,46639854t/(km2a);,31,2059t/(km2a),14;,12444t/(km2a)[21],137Cs,5987.213537.29317131t/(km2a),;[22]137Cs,,:,;137Cs,47.59t/(hm2a),,,,,137Cs,7BeNO,53.3d,,,7Be137Cs,,7Be137Cs,,[23-25][26]7Be137Cs,,7Be137Cs:7Be/137Cs1001000,10100,7Be,7Be,22.1,60Co-,vzeZ,,80622006Bethe-Block:-dEdx=4z2e4ZNm0v2[1n(2m0v2I)-1n(1-2)-2]MeV/cm,m0,=v/c,c,N,IBethe-Block,(1)1cmMeV(20,1atm)0.1130.010.51660.1814080.4452282.251043104.982-60Co,60Co60Co,60Ni*,60Co60Ni*+e-60Ni+,,(eaq)OHH,,,G22100eV[27]GGe-aq2.7H2O20.7H0.6H+3.2OH2.8OH-aq0.5H20.45,e-aqOHH,[28]:e-aq+O2O2[k=1.91010L/(mols)]H+O2HO2[k=2.11010L/(mols)]HO2+O2HO2+O2[k=1.02108L/(mols)]e-aq+H2O2OH-+OH[k=1.11010L/(mols)]H+H2O2OH+H2O[k=9107L/(mols)]OH+H2O2HO2+H2O[k=2.7107L/(mols)]:(1)COD(Chemicaloxygendemand)COD(%)=COD-CODCOD100%(2)DOC(Dissolvedorganiccarbon)DOC(%)=DOC-DOCDOC100%2.2,(Chlorophenols,CPs)(Polychlorinatedbiphenyls,PCBs)Zona[29],:510-5mol/L500Gy,3-4-2,4-2,4,6-100%,2-600Gy1kGy,,0500Gy,Schmid[30]OH,:3-(50%90Gy),4-(50%120Gy),2-(50%160Gy)2,3,4-,Mincher[31]PCBs,100kGy,PCBs85%,,[32]pH(6.911),,H(e-aq)Cl-,OH,[33]4-,,OH4-,OH-;H4-H-,;e-aq4-Sheikhly[34,35]-2,6-,2,6-,,e-aq,-,N2OO2e-aq,OH2,6-e-aq,OHDianne[36],,H3O+O2,N2/Fang[37]Getoff[38]4-O2O3,52,4-DCP,20kGy,20%,OHe-aq,,(DOC),(BOD)[3,28]:O3,OH,OH:O3+OH-HO2+O2-,O3+HO2O2+O2+OHO3,OH,e-aqH,:90623411e-aq+O3O3-,H+O3HO3-O2-+O3O2+O3-,HO3O2+OHO3,e-aqHOH,O3OH,OH,,[32]2,4-2-,:2,4-2-GG,,2,4-2-,,Sakumoto[39],,TOCQuinta[40],2-3-4-,2-,H-OH-2.3[41],,pHH2O2,380nm,,COD,COD15kGy,50150mg/L95%,CODpHCOD,COD,pH=2.0COD,pH411,,CODpH,,CODH2O2CODH2O2,H2O21.5mmol/L,2.5kGy,68%90%20kGy,COD,90%:H2O2OH,OH,,H2O2,COD,H2O2,COD,,OH,100mg/L,20kGy,95%,(COD)41%[27](9MeV)2,4-2-,HPLC8kGy,,,4,98%88.7%57%98%,8kGy,2,4-2-,59.9%87%51%87.4%,TOC4,8kGy,59.9%87%51%87.4%2.4,,[42]TiO2/Ti,,,TiO2/Ti3R,H2O2/Fe2+,,0.02mol/LpH=3-Ec=0.66V,30mg/L3R92%60%[43]KNR,COD,KNR,KNR(9.80mmol/dm3H2O2,pH5.6),KNR588255205nm3,,,4.3kGy,;13.7kGy,;17.4kGy,,,KNRCOD,20kGy,100%COD20kGy81%,,CODH2O2,H2O24.90mmol/L,COD,COD:H2O2,e-aqHH2O2,,,CODH2O2,,,e-aqH,H2O201622006;,H2O2,OHH2O2:OH+H2O2H2O+HO2,k=2.7107L/(mols)OH,[41]pH2.5,pH,,,,,,,,;,,3CN,13C,,,137Cs,7Be137Cs,,,,,[1],,.[J].,2005,14(1):1-5.[2],.[J].,2003,14(6):1000-1002.[3],.[J].,2005,23(3):135-139.[4]POOLEAJ.Treatmentofbiorefractoryorganiccompoundsinwoolscoursefflu-entbyhydroxylradicaloxidation[J].WaterResearch,2004,38:3458-3464.[5]CHARLESNKURUCZA,THOMASDWAITEB,WILLIAMJCOOPER.TheMiamielectronbeamresearchfacility:alargescalewastewatertreatmentappli-cation[J].RadiationPhysicsandChemistry,1995,45(2):299-308.[6]NIKOALGETOFF.Radiationchemistryandtheenvironment[J].RadiationPhysicsandChemistry,1999,54(4):377-384.[7]KIRSTYLS,BRUCEA,BUCHHOLZ,etal.Forensics:Agewritteninteethbynucleartests[J].Nature,2005,437:333-334.[8]PETERARAYMOND,JAMESEBAUER.Useof14Cand13Cnaturalabun-dancesforevaluatingreverie,estuarine,andcoastalDOCandPOCsourcesandcycling:areviewandsynthesis[J].OrganicGeo-chemistry,2001,32:469-485.[9]CHANTONJF,LEWISFG.Planktonanddissolvedinorganiccarbonisotopiccompositioninariverdominatedestuary:ApalachicolaBay,Florida[J].Estu-aries,1999,22:575-583.[10]RICHTERDD,MARKEWITZD,TRUMBORESE,etal.Rapidaccumula-tionandturnoverfossilcarboninareestablishingforest[J].Nature,1999,400:56-58.[11]GUOL,SANTSCHIPH,CIFUENTESLA,etal.Cyclingofhigh-molecular-weightdissolvedorganicmatterintheMiddleAtlanticBightasrevealedbycar-bonisotopic(13Cand14C)signatures[J].LimlolOceanogr,1996,41:1242-1252.[12],,.[J].,2005,35(5):737-744.[13],,,.[J].,2002,33(5):546-552.[14],,,.CN[J].,2004,59(6):918-926.[15]KACHANOSKIRG,DEL