环境成本内在化对国际贸易的影响研究

宁波大学硕士学位论文环境成本内在化对国际贸易的影响研究姓名：李冠晓申请学位级别：硕士专业：国际贸易指导教师：钟昌标20030101ABSTRACTTheissueofenvironmentandinternationaltradehasbeenoneofthemostnoticeableissuesinthefieldsofinternationalpoliticsandeconomics.Researchonthisissueisnecessaryandmeaningful.Internalizationofenvironmentalcostisaneffectivewaytoresolvetheissueofenvironmentandinternationaltrade.Thispaperwillfirstlyillustratethebasicstandpointsofinternationalsocietyonhowtoresolvetheissueofenvironmentandinternationaltrade,secondlydiscussthedefinitionandthemethodsofenvironmentalcostinternalization,thirdlyanalysetheimpactmechanismofenvironmentalcostinternalizationoninternationaltrade,finallyobtainthecorrespondingcountermeasures.Keywords:InternalizationEnvironmentCost1809019921997WTO29019968,199893JohnS.WilsonMirvatSewadeh2472000620026JohnS.WilsonMirvatSewadehDirtyexportsandenvironmentalregulation:Dostandardsmatter?412141619121416195GATT/WTOWTO6WTOWTOWTO1999815WTO19997811890911aMECMECMSCMPCMSCMBEaQaMPCMBEbQbQa1a1bMSBMPBQbQa1b1021131ArthurC.Pigou,1877---195912212313P1P2P3P321PPPP++=1P0RαmmRR0α=iimRP01α=2PAQAQApQA)1(pQA+)(MVC++CVMMVCpQA++=+)1(142P)(1)1(12MVCipQAiP++=+⋅=3P1C2C1C2CiniHKC∑=11iKiHi2C21C22CQQCCC22212+=3PQCCHKCCPini22211213++=+=∑QCCHKMVCiimRPini222110)(1++++++=∑ααK15▪▪11623▪123456BaumolOates1122DD3D425172abDa1S11S12ccS1E,P2S1E,P12111V1U1bUVUV11D2111118babVUcdUVabVUcdUV1hTfThTfT123bQaQP−=)(fhQQQ+=0a0bhf4iiiiiiiQTVFTQC)(),(+=fhi,=iiiiiETVTV+=0)(iE5iiQQPR)(=6)(iZD0,0'''DDiiiQEZ=7),()(iiiiiTQCQQP−=π1*hT*fT0)()2(0=+−+−=∂∂hhhfhhhETVQQbaQπ2190)()2(0=+−+−=∂∂fffhfffETVQQbaQπ3022∂∂iiQπ434*hQ*fQ*hQ*fQ3402=+−−hhfhdTEbdQbdQ502=+−−fffhdTEbdQbdQ6−−=−−−−ffhhfhdTEdTEdQdQbbbb227bdTEdTEdQffhhh32+−=8bdTEdTEdQhhfff32+−=9032−=bEdTdQhhh1003=bEdTdQffh11032−=bEdTdQfff1203=bEdTdQhhf132010111213hThQfQiTiTiW)(hhhhhhZDQETW−+=π14)(ffffffZDQETW−+=π15hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhffhhhhhhhTQQZZDTQETQETVVCTQQCTQQRTQQRTW∂∂∂∂−∂∂++∂∂∂∂−∂∂∂∂−∂∂∂∂+∂∂∂∂=∂∂)('16hhhhQCQR∂∂=∂∂17hhhhhhQETVVC=∂∂∂∂1810111213171816032)(323'=−−−+−=∂∂bEEZDbEETbEbQTWhhhhhhhhhh19hhhhEbQZDT2)('−=2021ffffEbQZDT2)('−=21)('iZD1hThQfQ2)('iiZDT=)('iiZDT11980198119911992RCA111980198119911992RCA198019811991199219801981199119921.110.950.390.700.830.571.612.401.360.972.282.481.401.200.220.551.110.820.921.591.461.210.260.411.431.020.391.080.610.701.231.07221.381.110.260.460.220.372.822.901.040.831.231.601.451.170.530.851.471.230.190.341.481.180.250.461997119911992RCA19801981RCARCARCAYeatsBalassaRCA19701980RCARCAOECDRCARCARCARCATobeyHecksher-Ohlin-VanekBalassaRCAYeatsYeats198523VanBeersVanBergh1997TobeyOECDRobison19887080Sorsa(1994)EnvironmentalsensitivegoodsRCA1.20.62AJaggiFreedman1992Levy199512724HartandAhuja,1996Repetto19952000GrayShadbegian1993BMarkMetcalfeJohnS.WilsonaMirvatSewadehbTsunehiroOtsuki2419941998MarkN.HarrisMarkMetcalfeEnvironmentregulationandimplicationsforcompetitivenessininternationalporktradeJohnS.WilsonaMirvatSewadehbTsunehiroOtsukiDirtyExportsandEnvironmentalRegulation:DoStandardsMatter?MarkN.HarrisModellingtheImpactofEnvironmentalRegulationsonbilateralTradeFlows:OECD,19901996*25GrossmanKrueger1991COECD(1985)Portney198126J.H.vonThnenA.WeberW.Isard182619561231272iqfhi,=hfic3iqbp−=4R5iτfhi,=7ia221iiaδ0iδiiaq−(){()}iiiiiiiiiqiaqaqcqqbi−−−−−=τδπ221max1()iiicbqτ−−=21*222**21iiiiiiaaqδτπ−+=320−−iicbτiiiiiiiadaadδδτ==2214iiiaδτ=5λfhττλ−=fhcc−=ωδδδ==fh28()()+−−+−+=−=λτδλωλλωλωπππ21214122ffhfeq66()()ωλλωλω214122−+−+fq+−λτδλ21ffhfhaa−=−=δτδτδλ6)()(21)(21)(δλλωδλλωλπ+−+−=−+−−=∂∂ffffeaqaq72)(20_+−−=⇔=∂∂δδωδλλπffeaq8012122−−=∂∂δλπe9789_λλ0∂∂λπeeπλ_λλ≥8λeπω212−=∂∂∂ωλπe10ωλeπωλ29eπ3Rρtρππρetedte=−∞∫011Reρπωλeπ11Pollution-intensiveindustriesPIIseπ0≠ω0=ωλ1_λ2_λ3022*31*571985321Leonard19841988Ferrantino1995Leonard90ManiM.andWheelerD.,199770907020XingKolstadGDP2SO12740BoumanBeckerHenderson199719671992Combining1997XingKolstad1994Jaffeet.al19951471970197733Gray1997Gray33Epping198619581977844347Schmenner1982197219785006Fortue197719771000500115Wintner1982682943Stafford19852070801622070Lyne199019901233442Levinson,A.(1996).EnvironmentRegulationsandIndustryLocations:InternationalandDomesticEvidence,inJ.BhagwatiandR.Hudec(eds.)FairTradeandHarmonization,TheMITPress,Cambridge,Massachusetts,USA,andLondon,UK.311995169984153295.50.235.052.013074871984118.60.102.410.81134023141893793218.72.786.902.553064931867.191.11.273.401.061342234734151782296.6314735.515931111823.60898.34169984153.41295.463574871984.40118.5851031854946.868575.584955910713.97660.53141893793.03218.7264931867.1291.061995199550.235.052.010.102.410.8128.6635.1332.8912.6216.7813.2044.0547.7840.132.786.902.551.273.401.0628.6335.4033.1113.1017.4313.7945.7649.2341.63199519954536740%35.1346.385.3110.51251722.6730.403.186.5647.31659.2571.10615446.132586.41989.54586.333265.651356.53964.463147.671230.81793.5252936.2610116.313553.991681.5279233.9213348.475407.793277.061634.90400.37171.86107.203415.41391.77181.37119.101995199577FIEFIE6.4138.263.8022.6759.253741.5429.5371.1039.1025.2164.476.7135.133.1816.6247.316.8340.154.1424.5560.6010.5142.9