贸易与环境

P1:FAW/FAWP2:FAWKI134-MacroryKI134(V2)-58.texDecember17,200415:52CHAPTER58TRADEANDTHEENVIRONMENTMatthewStilwellandJanBohanes∗TABLEOFCONTENTSI.Introduction.........................................................513II.TheWTO,EnvironmentandSustainableDevelopment...................513A.RelevantWTOAgreements........................................5131.TheMarrakeshAgreementEstablishingtheWorldTradeOrganization(“WTOAgreement”)...............................5132.TheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(“GATT”)...........5143.TheAgreementonTechnicalBarrierstoTrade(“TBTAgreement”)............................................5144.TheAgreementontheApplicationofSanitaryandPhytosanitaryMeasures(“SPSAgreement”)...................................5155.TheAgreementonSubsidiesandCountervailingMeasures(“SCMAgreement”)...........................................5166.TheAgreementonAgriculture..................................5167.TheGeneralAgreementonTradeinServices(“GATS”)...........5178.TheAgreementonTrade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualProperty(“TRIPSAgreement”).................................5179.TheUnderstandingonRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes(“DSU”).................................518B.RelevantWTODisputes...........................................5191.UnitedStates—Gasoline........................................5192.UnitedStates–ShrimpandUnitedStates-Shrimp21.5(implementationdecision)......................................5213.TheSPS“Trilogy”—EuropeanCommunitiesHormones,Australia-Salmon,andJapan-Varietals...........................5234.EC—Asbestos.................................................527C.CommitteeonTradeandEnvironment..............................529DTheWTO’sFourthMinisterialMandateonTradeandEnvironment..................................................531III.PlacingtheTradeandEnvironmentDebateinContext...................532∗MatthewStilwellservesasManagingDirectoroftheProgramonGovernanceforSustainableDevelopmentattheBrenSchoolofEnvironmentalScienceandManagement,UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,andasLegalCounseltotheUNEnvironmentProgram’sEconomicsandTradeBranchinGeneva,Switzerland.JanBohanesisLegalAffairsOfficerattheWorldTradeOrganization.Theviewsexpressedinthisarticlearestrictlypersonalanddonotbindornecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheirrespectiveorganizations.Thecut-offdateforthisarticleisSeptember1,2002.WearegratefultoArthurE.Appleton,JamesBacchus,ValerieHughes,GabrielleMarceau,andAlicePalmerfortheircomments,adviceandassistance.Allerrors,orcourse,remainourown.P1:FAW/FAWP2:FAWKI134-MacroryKI134(V2)-58.texDecember17,200415:52512TRADEANDTHEENVIRONMENTIV.MaterialLinkages—Economic,SocialandEnvironmental...............535A.NatureofMaterialLinkages......................................535B.PositiveandNegativeLinkages....................................535C.DirectandIndirectLinkages......................................536V.LegalandPolicyIssues..............................................536A.ProcessandProductionMethods...................................538B.Labeling........................................................540C.ScientificUncertaintyandPrecaution..............................544D.MarketAccess...................................................547E.Subsidies........................................................548F.Biosafety........................................................550G.Agriculture......................................................552H.Services.........................................................554I.IntellectualProperty..............................................555J.MultilateralEnvironmentalAgreements(“MEAs”)..................558VI.OrganizationalIssues................................................561A.Assessment.....................................................561B.TransparencyandPublicParticipation..............................562C.InformationExchangeandObserverStatus.........................565D.Compliance,EnforcementandDisputeSettlement...................566VII.LookingForward....................................................568P1:FAW/FAWP2:FAWKI134-MacroryKI134(V2)-58.texDecember17,200415:52TRADEANDTHEENVIRONMENT513I.IntroductionThischapterprovidesanoverviewofabroadrangeofissuesthatariseattheinterfaceoftradeandtheenvironment.Afterthisintroduction,SectionIIconsiderstradeanden-vironmentinthecontextoftheWTO,byexaminingrelevantWTOagreements,recenttradedisputeswithenvironmentalimplications,theWTO’sCommitteeonTradeandEnvironment(“CTE”),andrelevantmandatesresultingfromtherecentWTOFourthMinisterialinDoha,Qatar.SectionIIIthenseekstoplacethetraditionalissuesoftradeandenvironmentinthebroadercontextofsustainabledevelopment,aconceptthatcon-notesadevelopmentpaththatoptimizeshumanactivitieswithineconomic,socialandenvironmentalspheres,andthatmeetstheneedsofpresentgenerationswithoutcom-promisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.Thisisfollowedinsubsequentsectionsbyathematicdiscussionofthemaintradeandenvironmentissues,organizedaccordingtothreemaincategories:1)issues