资源、环境与产业转型的复合生态管理

200322:100026788(2003)0220125208(,100085):,,,L,,,,LLL,L,L:;;;;;;;:S24:AIntegrativeEco2managementforResource,EnvironmentandIndustrialTransformationWANGRu2song(ResearchCenterforEco2environmentalSciences,ChineseAcademyofScience,Beijing100085,China)Abstract:Theeco2essenceofenvironmentalpollutionandecologicaldeteriorationisthetemporalandspatialstagnancyandexhaustionofresourceinput2output,thestructuralandfunctionalfragmentationandagglomerationinsystemcoupling,andtheconflictsandmechanismlackingineconomicandecologi2calmanagement.Ecologicalmanagementistounderstandthedynamicsandcyberneticsofthesocial2eco2nomic2naturalcomplexecosystem,tocoordinatethespatial,temporal,quantitative,structuralandfunctionalcontextsbetweenmannature,developmentandenvironment,partsandwholeaccordingtotheapproachofsystemengineeringandecologicalprinciples.Thekeymethodologicalissuesarethemanagementofeco2assets,eco2healthandeco2service.Whiletheindustrial,urbanandregionaleco2managementarethehotissuesinappliedecologicalmanagement.Somemanagementapproachesforre2gionallifesupportsystemmanagementandindustrialtransformationareintroduced,suchasthatoflifecycleassessmentandeco2footprint.Keywords:resource,environment,eco2management;social2economic2naturalcomplexecosystem;re2gion;industrialtransformation;lifecycleassessment;eco2footprint:2001202207:(39930040)1,()()()L,L,,,©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.LLL;;L,15L2090LL,,L,,L,,L,;,;;L,,,L,L,,22L,,,,,,L20L7080,,L90,L90,,,,,(1)L,L14ÉÊËÌ,,,L,,,,,62120032©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.,,L2????L,L,(ICSU)(ISSC),SCOPEI2HDPL(SCOPE),,L(IHDP);;,:1)(LUCC);2)(GECHS),;;;;;3)(IDGEC);4)(IT),7L(IT),9,(Vellinga,1999),L,,LIT,,LIT,,22,,LL,,();,(),L40,,,,LPrigogine(1984)Haken(1978),LE.Laszlo(1996),,,,,,LJ.G.Miller(1978)19LF.Vester(1981)LH.T.Odum(1987)(e2mergy),L,P.Checkland(1981,1990)SoftSystemsMethodology,,LSSM,L80,(1984)22,,,:,,?()()()??7212©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.??,?;;L,,;;LL,:,,L,,();,L,L322,,,,,L,,,,,,,L,L,,L,LL20:L,L,,,,L,,LL:H.T.Odum(EmergyAnalysis),(SETAC,1991)(LifeCycleAssessment),F.Vester(1981)(eco2cy2bernetics),Daily(1997)Costanza(1997),Boulding(1970),W.Rees(1994)(eco2logicalfootprint),Bartell(1992),Suter(1993),(Scenario,,,)LL,,,,:;;L()()()()()L82120032©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.ReesWackernagel(1994),(ecologicalfoot2print)L,L(300ökm2)10-20(),,L,LLasson,35-190,80%LCarlFolke,,29565-1130L774(20%)25%L,,10%CO2LM.Wackernagel,52(80%)1992,,1992,1ö3LJeroen,,,L,(),,L1984,,22LL10[2]L:;;L(),()()LTayler(1998):L()L21LL20L16,430,LL:1),,;2);3),L,,,,L,(Metabolism)(Mobility)(Maintenance)3M;(Impactassessment),(Interactionsynthesis)(Institutionalregula2tion)3I;(Measuring),(Monitoring)(Modeling)9212©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.L:,;;LL:1)(,);(,);(,);(,);(,)L2)(,);(,);(,);(,);()L4,L,,21L1980Frosch(1991)LLL1991,,LKumar:,90,,L(IEEE,1995):,,,,L,AT&T,Lucent,GM,Motorola,L1997MITL,7%1ö51ö4L,LL,,,LL,L:(Eco2effi2ciency),,;(Eco2effectiveness),,03120032©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.L,,,,,,L:,,,,;,,,;,,,,,LL,,L:;,;;,;,,,;;,LJ.Meyer1996,LH.T.Odum19601970,L,L,,,,L2070,,LKalundborgL1980,,L10,,,,KalundborgL(),,;,,L,L,L,L20166000,1000L45000,15000,60L17.6CO2,10200SO2L:13,4500,9,1440,600L1312©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.LL1990(SETAC),L,,L,,[20].(LCA),:;;L199657,L(ISO)ISO14000L,,(LCD),(LCE),(DfE),(DfD),(DfR)LLL,,L,80,4%,0.4%,0.093%,10,20L201000,50ö500ö,L;;;;L:[1],1[A]1[C].:,1993.239-2501[2],1[J]1,1996,41():47-671[3],1[J]1,1995,10(3):203-2151[4]AllenbyBR.IndustrialEcology:PolicyFrameworkandImplementation[M].NewJersey:PrenticeHall,1999.[5]BartellSM,Brenkert,AL,O’NeillRV,GardnerRH.EcologicalRiskEstimation[M].Chelsea,Michigan:LewisPublishers,1992.[6]ChecklandP.RethinkingaSystemApproach[A].TomlisonRed.RethinkingtheProcessofOperationalResearchandSystemsAnalysis[C].NewYork:PergamonPress.1-28.[7]CostanzaR,etal.Thevalueoftheworld’secosystemservicesandnaturalcapital[J].Nature,1997,387(5):15.[8]DailyGC,AlexanderS,EhrlichPR,etal.EcosystemServices:BenefitsSuppliedtoHumanSocietiesbyNaturalEcosystems[M].IssuesinEcology,TheEcologicalSocietyofAmerica,1997.[9]EhrenfeldJ,NicholasGertler.Industrialecologyinpractice:theevolutionofinterdependenceatkalundborg[J].In2dustrialEcology,1997,1(1):67-80[10]FroschRA,GallopoulosNE.Strategiesformanufacturing[J].Sci,Am.,1989,26(3):144-153.[11]GraedelTBAllenbyBR.IndustrialEcology[M].EngilewoodCliffs,NewJersey:PrenticeHall,1995.[12]IEEETAB.Environment,HealthandSafetyCommittee,Whitepaperonsustainabledevelopmentandindustriale2cology[R].[13]ISOöDIS14040(CommitteeDraft),EnvironmentalMaganegemt2LifeCycleAssessmentPriciplesandFramework[R],1996.[14]KumarC,PatelN.IndustrialEcology[A].Proc.NationalAcadSciUSA[C],1991.89:798-799.(138)23120032©1995-2005TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.22010P=75%P=95%AG()GNP()P()WE(m3)COD()D(P=75%)(ri)262.303205.61525.225.04131621.4(0.498)(0.594)(0.585)(0.558)(0.896)0.