试论从华盛顿会议到珍珠港事件期间的日美关系

1200252002611ATentativeDiscussiononJapan______USRelationshipfromWashingtonconferencetoPearlHarborIncidentD819Japan__USrelationship“ContinentalPolicy”“OPenDoorPolicy”.19211112192226194112820——219—————20——.1931918.3——.1932128——.193777.193712121938113——1941419411274AbstractThetimeperiodfromWashingtonConference(Nov.12,1921~Feb.6,1922)toPearlHarborIncident(Dec.8,1941)haddrawnaslongasnearly20years.Duringthistimespan,theinternationalrelationshadundergoneextremelyintricatecontradictions,withalotofcountriesgotinvolved,includingGermany,Italy,Japan,GreatBritain,theUS,FranceandChina.AndthedevelopmentofJapan-UScontradictionhadservedasthemostcrucialfactorthatinfluencedthesituationsofAsian-Pacificareaatthattime.ThisessaytakestomakeageneralsurveyofoneaspectofthehistoricalprogressofJapan-USrelationship,tryingtoarousecertaininspirationstothereader.Itcanbedividedintosevenparts.I.TheOriginofJapan-USContradiction:theConfrontationof“ContinentalPolicy”against“OpenDoorPolicy”.TheoriginofJapan-UScontradictionwasdirectlyrelatedtothetwocountries’differentpoliciestowardsAsian-Pacificarea,i.e.,the“ContinentalPolicy”andthe“OpenDoorPolicy”.Theso-called“ContinentalPolicy”istheproductofJapaneserulingclass’soverseaexpansionpropositionafterMeiji-Reform,whosekernelitistocaptureothercountries’territory,followingthesequenceoffirstaggressingKorea,thenChina,and,takingChinaasthebasis,totakethewholeAsia,finallyconquertheworld.Ontheotherhand,the“opendoorpolicy”ofAmericaheldtheprincipleoffaircompetition,aimingtooccupytheChineseandevenAsian-PacificMarketwithitscapitalandmerchandiseexportation.Thispolicytooktoopposeotherpowerfulcountries’usingtheiralready-existingsphereofinfluenceinChinatoexpelAmericangoodsandcapitals.Itwould,ofcourse,againsttheattempttoestablishcoloniesusingmilitarypower,thenbuildupexclusivetradebarrier.Evenwiththisbasiccontradiction,theJapan-USrelationshiphadalwaysbeenfriendlyeversincethelaterhalfof19thcenturyuptilltheendofRussian-JapaneseWar.AftertheRussian-JapaneseWar,as5JapantooktorejectAmericangoodsinNortheastChina,theAmericansgotdiscontented.ThisactionoftheJapaneseclashedwiththe“OpenDoorPolicy”.Fromthenon,contradictionsandconflictsstartedtogoverntheJapan-USrelationship.II.WashingtonConference:theFirstFormalAppearanceofJapan-USContradictionontheWorldPoliticalStageAttheendofWWI,intheloot-sharingParisPeaceConferenceheldbythewinnercountries,Americadidn’tgetasatisfyingshare.So,ithostedtheWashingtonConference,withtheaimofcarryingoutthe“OpenDoorPolicy”inAsian-Pacificarea,clearingobstaclesforitscarryingout,and,atthesametime,weakeningthemilitarypowerofitscompetitionopponent—Japan.Attheconference,theUSexploitedthecontradictionsamongotherpowerfulcountriesandtactfullycontainedJapanontheproblemofNavyarmamentrestrictionandtheproblemofChina.Meantime,itsuccessfullybrokeuptheJapan-BritainalliancewiththesigningoftheFourPowerTreaty,makingtheinternationalpoliticalpatterninfavorofthecarryingoutofits“OpenDoorPolicy”.III.HideharaDiplomacyandTanakaMemorial:theRelaxationandRe-tensionofJapan-USRelationshipAftertheWWI,Japanwasstrokebyeconomiccrisis,andhadtolendlargesumsofloansfromtheUSandBritain.Asaresult,atthebeginningof1920s,Japan’sforeignpolicytowardstheUSwasprincipallymanifestedasthe“HideharaDiplomacy”.ItononehandkeptcoordinatingwiththeUS,whileontheotherhandtriedtomaintainJapaneseImperialists’InterestsandBenefitsinChinawiththeso-calledbourgeoisiereasonablemethod.However,inthefollowingyears,GiichiTanaka,thetoughliner,gottopowerandformedthecabinet.Duringhistenureofoffice,hehadconcoctedthenotorious“TanakaMemorial”,infact,aconcreteexecutingoutlineofthe“ContinentalPolicy”.Atthesametime,itchallengedthe“OpenDoorPolicy”,asitbelievedthat,theAmericans’“OpenDoorPolicy”wasanobstacleagainstJapan’scarryingoutof“ContinentalPolicy”,andexplicitlypointedouttheUSwasthemainobstacleagainstJapan’sexpansioninAsian-Pacificarea.Thus,afterashortrelaxation,Japan-USrelationshiptendedtobetensedagain.IV.“9.18Incident”:theFuseofJapan-USConflict6OnSeptember18,1931,withmeticulousscheming,theJapaneseKwantungArmylaunchedtheworld-shocking“9.18Incident”.Withinlessthanhalfyearthereafter,thewholeNortheastChinahadfallenintotheirhands.TowardsJapan’sinvasionofNortheastChina,theUS’sreactionwasastrongdiscontent,takingitasaseriousthreatentothe“OpenDoorPolicy”.However,itdidn’tadoptanytough,essentialcountermeasure,butmainlytookthepolicyofappeasement,whichhadn’tstoppedJapan’sstrideofaggression,andinturn,thisattitudehadbroughtabouttheconsequenceofPearlHarborIncident.V.TheFurtherDeepeningofJapan-USContradiction:“1.28Incident”,“AmauDoctrine”and“Anti-CommunistPact”OnJanuary28,1932,withJapanesearmy’sattackingofShanghai,America’sinterestinChinawasseverelythreatened.Atthistime,theAmericansadoptedamuchtougherattitude.ButJapandidn’tstopitsstrideofaggression.TheAmauDoctrinewasanopenchallengeofJapaneseGovernmentagainstthe“OpenDoorPolicy”.Soonafterwards,JapanhadsignedAnti-CommunistPactwithGermanyandItaliansuccessively,whichcanbeconsideredasachallengeofthethreecountriestowardstheWashingtonSystem.Thisshowsthatth