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I摘要随着知识经济时代的到来,知识型员工成为企业的核心人力资本和企业管理的重要对象。但是,知识型员工是具有个性化、创新精神、自主性强、流动性大、成就欲望强等特点的新型工作群体,如何激励知识型员工给目前企业的人力资源管理工作带来了严峻挑战。知识经济的来临使得知识成为了企业发展的核心要素,彼得•德鲁克指出,知识工作者的生产力发展将成为对人员管理的中心议题和21世纪对管理的最大挑战。知识产业在产业结构中的比重日益增大,产业结构也发生根本性的变化,人力资本已经不在是传统意义上的劳动力,已经被具有现代科学技术知识的知识型员工取代,也就是说,现代企业的竞争、知识的创造、利用与增值、都要依靠知识的载体——知识型员工来实现。所以说,最大限度的提高知识型员工的生产力是一个重大课题。而要提高知识型员工的生产力,激励是关键。知识型员工是具有个性化、创新精神、自主性强、流动性大、成就欲望强等特点的新型工作群体,与传统管理激励模式不同,知识经济对于这一群体的激励赋予新的内容。雇佣合约(劳动合同)及其隐含的外在激励对激发知识型员工的热情和创造力方面很难起到理想的效果。这就需要在组织和员工之间建立一种心理契约,在组织和员工的关系中,除了正式的雇佣契约规定的内容外,还存在着“隐含的、非正式的、未公开说明的相互期望,这是一种心理上的契约”(谢恩,1965)心理契约是联结员工和组织的心理纽带,影响着员工的行为、工作态度、工作绩效、满意度及流动率。近几十年来,心理契约理论成为了组织行为学领域研究的新热点。但研究对象一般局限于一般雇员和组织之间的心理契约,缺乏对组织核心人才,尤其是知识型员工的心理契约的深入研究。事实上,要吸引和激励知识型员工,培养员工的忠诚度,最基本的条件就是要认识和了解知识型员工——了解他们对企业的期望和要求,使知识型员工拥有的权利和得到的回报与他们承担的责任和应尽的义务充分对等,更好地发挥他们的积极性。知识型员工比较关注较高层次的需要,包括员工的兴趣、职业生涯发展、个人成长等,而这些需要正是心理契约的核心内容。因此,心理契约理论的引入,对从心理、情感和关系层面来发展组织承诺,培育员工忠诚度,激励知识II型员工的工作积极性有着特殊的意义。知识型员工是企业的核心人力资源也是各大企业争夺的对象,知识型员工与心理契约本身的特征的复合决定了对知识型员工的激励应该重视心理契约。因此本文在对心理契约理论、知识型员工激励理论、知识型员工激励的研究等相关文献综述的基础上,结合我国目前知识型员工的激励现状及实证研究结果,以心理契约理论为基础分析影响知识型员工激励的因素。通过问卷调查的形式,具体分析影响知识型员工激励的因素。本文采取了心理契约和知识型员工的激励相结合的形式进行研究,为现代企业从心里和情感角度探索知识型员工激励的有效方式提供了新思路。本文从最基本的激励理论和心理契约理论出发,结合知识型员工的特点与需求,分析知识型员工的激励现状,通过问卷调查的实证方法取得第一手资料,采用因子分析法和模糊综合评判法对问卷数据进行统计与分析,得到心理契约视角下知识型员工的激励需求因素及激励满意现状,得到如下结论:在对知识型员工的激励需求因素的调查中发现,物质激励仍是首要因素,这与国外的知识型员工对激励因素的需求有很大区别;不同性别、不同学历水平、不同工作类型的知识型员工对激励因素的需求也不尽相同;知识型员工对激励现状的满意度水平不高,尤其是在薪酬福利与职业生涯规划方面,满意度水平很低。关键词:心理契约;知识型员工;激励因素IIIAbstractWithknowledgeeconomycoming,thekonwledgeworkershavebecomecompany,scorehumancapitalandthekeyandtheimportantmanagementobject.However,konledgeworkersarenewworkgroupthatpossessspecialcharactersuchasindividuation,creativespirit,strongdenseofindependence,liquidityandaccomplishmentdesire.Theapproachingofknowledgeeconomymakesknowledgebecomethecorefactorofenterprisedevelopment.PeterDruckeroncepointedout,theproductivitydevelopmentofknowledgeworkerswouldbethecentralissueofemployeemanagementandthebiggestchallengeofmanagementinthe21stcentury.Knowledgeindustrywillaccountforagreaterproportionintheindustrystructure,resultinginthefundamentalchangeoftheindustrystructure.Humancapitalisnolongerlaborforceinthetraditionalsense,beingreplacedbyknowledgeworkerswithmodernscientificandtechnologicalknowledge.Inotherwords,thecompetitionofmodernenterprisesandthecreation,utilizationandvalue-addingofknowledgearebothachievedbyknowledgeworkers.Therefore,themaximizationofdevelopingknowledgeworkers’productivitybecomesamajorissue,whosekeyisstimulation.Knowledgeworkersarecharacterizedbyindividualism,innovationspirit,strongautonomy,mobilityandstrongdesireofsuccess,whichisdifferentfromthetraditionalstimulationmodels.Employmentcontractsanditsunderlyingstimulationaredifficulttoactperfectlyinstimulatingknowledgeworkers’enthusiasmandcreativity.Thisrequirestheconstructionofpsychologicalcontractsbetweenorganizationsandemployees.Intherelationsoforganizationsandemployees,thereexists“implicit,informal,andnotopenmutualexpectations,whichisapsychologicalcontract”(Schein,1965).Apsychologicalcontractisapsychologicalbondcombiningemployeesandanorganization,whichhasanimpactonemployees’behavior,attitude,performance,satisfactionandturnoverrate.Intherecentseveraldecades,psychologicalcontractshavebecomethenewhotissueinthefieldoforganizationalbehavior.However,theresearchobjectisusuallyrestrictedtothepsychologicalcontractbetweenemployeesandtheorganizationandlacksthedeepresearchintothecoretalentsoftheorganization,especiallythepsychologicalcontractoftheknowledgeworkers.IVInfact,thebasicconditiontomotivekonledgeworkersandcultivatetheirloyaltyistounderstandkonledgeworkers,tounderstandwhattheywantandrequiretothecompany,andunderstandtheirworkvalue.Bydoingit,itcanmakekonledgeworkers,dutyandobligationequaltotheirrightandreturn,andmakethemtobringtheirenthusiasmintoplay.Konledgeworkerspaymoreattentiononhigh-levelneeds,whichincludeemployees,interest,careerplan,individualgrowing,andtheseneedsarecoresubjectsthatPsychologicalContractincludes.Asaresult,theintroductionofPsychologicalContractTheorywillhavespecialsignificationtodeveloporganizationpromises,cultivatetheirloyaltyandmotivetheirenthusiasmfromthepointofviewofpsychology,sensibilityandrelationship.ThispaperstakestheincentivefactorsandthemotivationsituationofthekonledgeworkersbasedonthePsychologicalContractasthemainstudyobject.Thisstudybeganfromthelearningofpsychologicalcontractandthemotivationtheories,accordingtothecharacteristicsandtheneedsofkonledgeworkers,analysedthemotivationsituationofthekonledgeworkers,then,weobtainedthefirst-handinformationbythequo,andanalysedtheinformationwithSPSSstatisticaltechnologyandblurcompostiveevaluatingmethods,atlast,wegotthreeconclusionsasfollowed.Knowledgeworkersarethecorehumanresourcesoftheenterprise,andalsotheobjectofcompetitionbetweenenterprises.Thesimilaritiesbetweenknowledgeworkersandcharacteristicsofpsychologicalcontractsdecidethestimulationofknowledgeworkersshouldfocusonpsychologicalcontracts.Therefore,basedontherelevantresearchsummaryofpsyc
本文标题:知识型员工激励因素研究--基于心理契约视角
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