培训音变篇

StrongFormandWeakForms•Theyhaveallgone./hæv/-/hәf/Itlooksaswhiteassnow./æz/-/әz/•Givehimwhathewants./him/-/im/Whichwordsarepronouncedstrongly/weakly?prep.toatart.antheconj.andbutFunctionwordauxiliaryverbmodalverbverb.goadv.awaynoun.ideaadj.cleannum.twoNotionalwordWeakformStrongformException：pron.Thefollowingpronounsarealwaysinweakform•Le(t)themknowit.•/ðem/-/ðәm/personalpronoun(he,me,she,them,you,us,him)possesivepronoun(her,his,our,your)relativepronoun(that)Indefinitepronoun(some)Doyouwan(t)sometea?Hetol(d)methateverybodywashappy./ðæt/-/ðәt/Usehiswatch./hiz/-/iz/Samplesofweakformsofwordswordstrongweaksentencecan/kæn//kәn/Wha(t)canIdo?and/ænd//әnd/waran(d)peaceto/tu://tә/Shewalkstoschool.but/bΛt//bәt/It`sgoo(d)butexpensive.An“all-strong”pronunciationisunpleasant.克服讲英语字字清晰的问题Itoldyouthatyouhavetofinishitinaminute./ju//ðәt//hәf//tә//inә/StrongformsofwordsareusedWhenawordissaidinisolationa,and,theWhentheyoccurattheendofasentenceWhatareyoulookingat?WhentheyareusedforemphasisWhentheyarebeingcontrastedThisletteristohimnotfromhim.Strongformandweakformsofwordsdependonthepositionofthewordsorthecontext.LinkingThephenomenonofjoiningwordstogetheriscalledlinking.Rule1LinkingconsonanttovowelWewriteitlikethisWesayitlikethisturnoffturnoffalotofalotofwentoutwentoutWhenawordendsinaconsonantsound,weoftenmovetheconsonantsoundtothebeginningofthenextwordifitstartswithavowelsound.Rule2r/re+vowelWewriteitlikethisWesayitlikethisansweritansweritmatterofmatterrofforanhourforanhourIfthewordendswithrorre,linkthefollowingvowelbyaddingthe/r/soundRule3LinkingvoweltovowelWewriteitlikethisWesayitlikethistoooftentoo/w/oftenwhoiswho/w/isdoalldo/w/all结尾为圆唇/u:/、/u/，与后续元音之间加入/w/Rule3LinkingvoweltovowelWewriteitlikethisWesayitlikethisIamI/j/amKayisKay/j/istheendthe/j/end结尾为扁唇/i:/、/i/，与后续元音之间加入/j/Tryit•1.Take◡alook◡at◡it.•2.Forget◡about◡it.•3.Ifeel◡ashamedwhen◡Ihavetospeak◡infront◡of◡alot◡ofpeople.•4.It◡isnot◡asgood◡as◡Ihad◡expected.•5.There◡isnodoubt◡about◡it.•6.Iwillbeback◡inhalf◡an◡hour.EnglishRhythmstrongandweakformsofwordsstressedandunstressedsyllablesinawordStressedwordandunstressedwordinasentenceSoundchangesDefinitionRhythmoneofthesupra–segmentalfeaturesoflanguage.Itreferstotheregularityofstrongandweakstressinspeech.Therecurrenceofsoundsatregularintervaloftime.语音等时距地出现音长、音强在语言中形成的规律性（强弱、轻重）syllable-timedrhythmstress-timedrhythm相思王维红豆生南国春来发几枝愿君多采撷此物最相思汉语：音节节拍(syllable-timedrhythm)相思王维红豆生南国春来发几枝愿君多采撷此物最相思Chineseisregardedassyllable-timedrhythm.汉语的特点是语音上的一个音节在语意上能表达一种意义，一个汉字一个音节一个概念的一一对应结构。音节节拍即每一个音节所占用的时间大致相等。汉语以双音节词为主（红豆/南国/采撷/相思）双音节词构成一个节奏单位，节奏单位之间间隔的时间大致相等。（字字有声，铿锵有力）RhythminEnglishspeechisbasedonstress.Stress-timedrhythmreferstothetimefromeachstressedsyllabletothenextwilltendtobethesame.(重读音节之间相隔的时间大致相等)Englishisconsideredasstress-timedrhythm.（重音节拍）putitdownandreada`loud`England`was`at`war`withA`merica.`Englandwasat`warwithA`merica.`Walk/`down/the`path/tothe`endof/theca`nal.0123LiaisonAssimilationLossofplosionElisionWeakformsofwordsUnstressedwordsinsentencesVowelinstressedwordsStrongformofwordsStressedwordsinsentencesHOWSTRETCHtheinformationwordsSQUEEZEweakgrammarwords汉英混用Tomwantstogotoseeafilm.好雨知时节，当春乃发生。1.Sentencewith2stressedsyllablesHe`toldusa`lie.2.Sentencewith3stressedsyllablesShe`s`gonefora`walkinthe`park.3.Sentencewith4stressedsyllablesThey`wantedto`watchita`gainanda`gain.AssimilationWewriteitlikethisWesayitlikethisneedyou/`ni:dӡu:/missyou/`mi:∫u:/wantyou/`wɔnt∫u:/holdyou/`hәuldӡu:/kissyou/`ki∫u:/Anythingchangedbetweentheneighboringsounds?AssimilationInconnectedspeechundertheinfluenceoftheneighbors,soundsarereplacedbyanothersound.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfromboththeoriginalsounds.Assimilationmakesthepronunciationeasier.soundasoundbsoundasoundbcsoundasoundbnewspaperExamples/zp/newspaper/sp/soundasoundbcmissyou/`mi:∫u://misju:/soundasoundbClassificationifcfchangesintoci,cieffectscfregressiveassimilation逆同化---cf/ci----cf/ci-used[d][t]toused[tt]to-cf/ci-ifcichangestocf,cfeffectsciprogressiveassimilation顺同化Classificationsitu`ation/t/+/j/---/t∫/lastyear,nextyardsoundasoundbcThetwosoundsinfluenceeachother,andthenformanewone.doubleassimilation相互同化`studentedu`cation/d/+/j/---/dӡ/wouldyou,holdyouRule1haveto/hævtu//hәftә/foodforsupper/fudfɔ//futfә/hastwo/hæztu://hәstu:/voicedvoicelessEASIERRule2tenminutes/`ten`minits//`tem`minits/rightplace/rait`pleis//`raippleis/good-bye/gudbai//gubbai/alveolarbi-labial/ntd//mpb/EASIERRule3kissyou/s/+/j/–/∫/where’syours/z/+/j/–/ӡ/wantyou/t/+/j/–/t∫/toldyou/d/+/j/-/dӡ/EASIERElisionListenanddecide1.victoryAB2.everyAB3.medicineAB4.buildingAB5.islandAB6.fastenAB√√√√√√ElisionAtajunctionofwordsundertheinfluenceofthecontext,somesoundswilldisappear.loto(f)peopleOnesoundcanbeomittedinaword.fact(o)ry21Elisionistheomissionofsoundorsounds.EASIERClassificationHistoricalelision:asoundintheearlyformofawordisomittedinalaterone.Fixedvs.Changed1LossofvowelsAextraordinaryEeveryintereststudentImedicinebusinessOvictorybuttonUbuildBbombdoubtGassignforeignHghostrhyt