人力资源管理专业词汇（英文版）

AppendixAGlossaryofHumanResourceManagementTermsabsenteesAbsenteesareemployeeswhoarescheduledtobeatworkbutarenotpresent.AccidentandsicknesspoliciesAccidentandsicknesspoliciesusuallyprovideaminimum-carestipendforseveralweeksuptosixmonthstohelpemployeesdefraythelossofincomewhiletheyaresickorrecoveringfromanaccident.accreditationAccreditationisaprocessofcertifyingthecompetenceofapersoninanareaofcapability.TheSocietyforHumanResourceManagementoperatesanaccreditationprogramforpersonnelprofessionals.activelisteningActivelisteningrequiresthelistenertostoptalking,toremovedistractions,tobepatient,andtoempathizewiththetalker.adverseselectionAdverseselectionoccurswhenaninsurancecompanyhasadisproportionatelyhighpercentageofinsuredswhowillmakeclaimsinthefuture.Adverseselectionoftenresultswhenpeoplearegivenachancetobuyinsurancewithoutprescreening,whichoftenmeansthatahigherthannormalproportionhaveaconditionthatislikelytocausethemtobefrequentclaimants.affirmativeactionprogramsAffirmativeactionprogramsaredetailedplansdevelopedbyemployerstoundotheresultsofpastemploymentdiscrimination,ortoensureequalopportunityinthefuture.AgeDiscriminationinEmploymentActof1967(asamended)Thisactprohibitsdiscriminationonemploymentbecauseofageagainstthosewhoare40andolder.AmericanFederationofLaborandCongressofIndustrialOrganization(AFL-CIO)TheAFL-CIOisafederationofmostnationalunions.Itexiststoprovideaunifiedfocalpointforthelabormovement,toassistnationalunions,andtoinfluencegovernmentpoliciesthataffectmembersandworkingpeople.appliedresearchAppliedresearchisastudyofpracticalproblems,thesolutionsofwhichwillleadtoimprovedperformance.arbitrationArbitrationisthesubmissionofadisputetoaneutralthirdparty.assessmentcentersAssessmentcentersareastandardizedformofemployeeappraisalthatreliesonmultipletypesofevaluationandmultipleraters.associatemembershipAssociatemembershipinalabororganizationallowspeoplewhoarenotemployedunderaunioncontracttoaffiliatewithaunionbypayingfeesandduesinreturnforunion-supportedbenefits.attitudesurveysAttitudesurveysaresystematicmethodsofdeterminingwhatemployeesthinkabouttheirorganization.Thesurveysareusuallydonethroughquestionnaires.Attitudesurveyfeedbackresultswhentheinformationcollectedisreportedbacktotheparticipants.Thisprocessthenisusuallyfollowedbyactionplanningtoidentifyandresolvespecificareasofemployeeconcern.attritionAttritionisthelossofemployeeswholeavetheorganization'semployment.auditreportTheauditreportisacomprehensivedescriptionofpersonnelactivities.Itincludesbothcommendationforeffectivepracticesandrecommendationsforimprovingpracticesthatareineffective.auditteamAnauditteamconsistsofthosepeoplewhoareresponsibleforevaluatingtheperformanceofthepersonneldepartment.authorizationcardsAuthorizationcardsareformsthatprospectiveunionmemberssign.Thecardsindicatetheirwishtohaveanelectiontodeterminewhetheralabororganizationwillrepresenttheworkersintheirdealingswithmanagement.autonomousworkgroupsAutonomousworkgroupsareteamsofworkers,withoutaformalcompany-appointedleader,whodecideamongthemselvesmostdecisionstraditionallyhandledbysupervisors.autonomyAutonomyishavingcontroloverone'swork.bargainingbookAbargainingbookisacompilationofthenegotiationteam'splansforcollectivebargainingwithlaborormanagement.Increasingly,thebargainingbookisbeingreplacedbyinformationstoredinaccompanyorunioncomputer.bargainingcommitteeTheunionbargainingcommitteeconsistsofunionofficialsandstewardswhonegotiatewithmanagement'srepresentativestodeterminewages,hours,andworkingconditionstobeembodiedinthelaboragreement.behaviorallyanchoredratingscales(BARS)BARSrateemployeesscalethathasspecificbehavioralexamplesonittoguidetherater.BehavioralmodelingBehavioralmodelingreliesontheinitiationoremulationofadesiredbehavior.Arepetitionofbehaviormodelinghelpstodevelopappropriateresponsesinspecifiedsituations.behaviormodificationBehaviormodificationstatesthatbehaviordependsonitsconsequences.blindadsBlindadsarewantadsthatdonotidentifytheemployer.bonafideoccupationalqualifications(BFOQ)ABFOQoccurswhenanemployerhasajustifiedbusinessreasonfordiscriminatingagainstamemberofaprotectedclass.TheburdenofprovingaBFOQgenerallyfallsontheemployer.bottom-linetestThebottom-linetestisappliedbytheEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommissiontodetermineifafirm'soverallselectionprocessishavinganadverseimpactonprotectedgroups.Eventhoughindividualstepsintheselectionprocessmightexhibitanadverseimpactonaprotectedgroup,thefirmwillbeconsideredincomplianceiftheoverallprocessdoesnothaveanadverseeffect.BoulwarismBoulwarismisanegotiationstrategydevelopedbyGeneralElectric.Usingthisapproachthecompanymadeitsbestoffertotheunionatthebeginningofnegotiations.Thenitremainedfirmunlesstheunioncouldfindwheremanagementhaderredinthecalculationsusedtoarriveattheoffer.ThisstrategyhasbeenruledasanunfairlaborpracticebytheNationalLaborRelationsBoardandbythefederalcourts.brainstormingBrainstormingisaprocessbywhichparticipantsprovidetheirideasonastatedproblemduringafreewheelinggroupsession.buddysystemThebuddysystemoforientationexistswhenanexper