知识管理是21世纪的管理趋势

KnowledgeManagementResearch:APersonalExperienceT.P.LiangNationalSunYat-senUniversityNovember7,2006ImportanceofKMResearchTheimportanceofknowledgeinbusinessManagingknowledgeisadifficultandcontinuingprocessAchallengingquestion:Howcanknowledgebemanagedproperlytoimprovefirmperformance?198019801990199020002000KnowledgeManagementisEmergingasaMajorBusinessPriorityBusinessProcessRe-EngineeringGlobalCompetitionEfficiency,CostsOutITReplacesWorkersRestructuringSources:Xerox,GigaD.HoltshouseKnowledgeInitiative,Corp.BusinessStrategy©1998XEROXCORP.AllRightsReservedTotalQualityManagementJapaneseCompetitionQuality,ErrorFreeBenchmarkingRetoolingKnowledgeManagementKnowledgeAssetsInnovation,GrowthITinSupportofK-WorkersRevitalization4知識管理是21世紀的管理趨勢資料、資訊、知識、智慧關係價值:文字化、分類、計算、更正、濃縮資料對事件審慎、客觀的紀錄價值：比較、結果、關連性、互動資訊能啟發接收者，能作為重要證據價值：行動導向、重大效益、智者直覺知識經驗、價值，以及經過文字化的法則智慧蒐集與應用知識來採取行動內隱知識與外顯知識的比較項目內隱知識外顯知識特點1.難以書面化表達2.難以系統化3.持續性強，不易被人改變4.例如：經驗、秘訣、信念、感覺、習慣1.可量化或書面化2.較系統化3.固定的資訊，其運用視人而異4.例如：業務手冊、企劃案、作業指導規範、物理定律儲存方式人的心智資料庫、電腦、文件分享方式由於難以表達，故分享困難度視個人表達能力而定，通常只能意會，並透過師徒制來學習可透過視覺、聲音或動作來呈現、或透過書籍、影片等來傳遞不同的知識特性個人組織內隱藝術IC設計外顯(SOP)大學生產製造知識、智慧資本與企業價值企業價值員工的觀念型知識員工的經驗型知識內含於組織文化的知識內含於組織文化的知識可編碼的知識人力資本顧客資本組織資本有形資產無形資產財務性資產知識分類企業潛力內隱知識外顯知識＝個人知識與組織知識的轉換個人知識透過分享後，轉變為組織的知識組織的知識或經驗供個人學習、吸收後，強化個人知識個人知識創意經驗人脈組織知識作業程序Know-How工作手冊合作方式Nonaka的知識成長模式內隱知識外顯知識內隱知識社會化外部化外顯知識內部化組合知識管理的基本工具創造分類/儲存索引/檢索過濾/篩選導覽使用分析知識推薦ResearchinKnowledgeManagementConceptualKnowledgemanagementcyclesFrameworkofknowledgemanagementTechnicalKMSdevelopmentKnowledgerecommendationManagerialKnowledgemanagementimplementationKMandperformanceMajorconstructsofKMNatureofknowledgeOrganizationalenvironmentNatureoforganizationKnowledgemanagementactivitiesandprocesses(cycles)KMplatform:infrastructureandKMSNatureofusersandintermediariesEffectofKMonorganizationsSampleStudiesEffectofKnowledgeDiversityonFirmPerformanceCapabilityandTaskTechnologyFitonIndividualPerformancePersonalizationandCustomer-CentricSystemsEffectofKnowledgeDiversityonFirmPerformanceResearchProblemShouldanindustryfocusonafewkeycategoriesofknowledgeorabroadcoverageofallknowledgeinordertobecompetitive?DoestheadoptionofIThaveanyrelationshipwiththevalueofknowledgeandfirmperformance?EcologicalmodelinOrganizationHannonandFreeman(1989)proposedtheecologicalviewoforganizationthatseekstounderstandhowsocialconditionsaffecttheratesinwhichneworganizationsandneworganizationalformsarises,theratesatwhichorganizationschangeforms,andtheratesatwhichorganizationsdieout.何謂生態學？生態學（Ecology）是研究生物與其周圍環境相互關係的科學。亦即，生態學是研究在某一特定範圍內，生物與生物之間、生物與環境之間相互影響關係的科學。生態學亦可以被視為是一種巨觀的生物學生態學以不同層次的角度觀察生物，包含：個體（Organism）物種（Species）族群（Population）群落（Community）生態系統（Ecosystem）生態學的DICE模式基於生態學理論的歸納，生物族群在生態系統內的關係，主要可以分成分佈、互動、競爭、演化四個階段，並形成一個循環，命名為DICE模式。競爭(Competition)分佈(Distribution)互動(Interaction)演化(Evolution)生態系統分佈（Distribution）在研究的本質上，生態學探討、描述生物體之間及生物體與環境之間的相互關係。如何去描繪目前生態系統的狀況便是生態研究的基礎。生物分佈狀況或空間塑模（SpatialModeling）：以數學方法對生態系統進行描述，包含對於各個生物族群數量的計數、地理區域的分佈狀況。生態研究的第一步工作。分佈構面的子構面族群的強度族群強度在衡量不同族群之間的相對強度，藉以分析族群間的強弱關係並可定義它們之間的行為關係。一般而言，族群的強度可以利用族群的種類、族群內生物體的個數、分佈區域、及在食物鏈上的關係等構面來衡量，可用來描繪群落內族群的分佈輪廓。物種的多樣性衡量群落內物種的豐富程度，生態系統的一個重要觀察指標。多樣性與穩定性關係法則（Diversity-stabilityprinciple）AKnowledgeEcologyBasicspeciesinaknowledgeecologyisdifferenttypesofknowledgethatbelongtotheorganization.ThegoalofKMistobuildamechanismbywhichahealthybalanceofknowledgecanbemaintainedforachievingsuperiorperformance.Diversityvs.StabilityInecologicalrules,thediversity-stabilityrelationshipisamajorprincipal,whichsaysanecologyismorestableifitmaintainsacertainlevelofdiversity.Similarly,wewouldliketoexaminewhetherthesameruleholdsinaknowledgeecology,ie,organizationswithmorediversifiedknowledgearemorestableinperformance.ResearchFrameworkKnowledgeIntensityH11H12H21H32H22H31KnowledgeDiversityITCapabilityAveragePerformancePerformanceVariationHypotheses(1)H1:RelationshipBetweenITandKnowledgeEcologyH11:HigherITcapabilitiessupporthigherknowledgeecologyH12:HigherITcapabilitiessupporthigherknowledgediversityHypotheses(2)RelationshipbetweenKnowledgediversityandfirmperformanceH21:HigherknowledgeintensityresultsinhigheraverageperformanceH22:HigherknowledgeintensityresultsinlowerperformancevariationsHypotheses(3)RelationshipbetweenknowledgediversityandfirmperformanceHigherknowledgediversityresultsinloweraverageperformanceHigherknowledgediversityresultsinlowerperformancevariationsCriteriaforChoosingIndustriesFourindustrieswerechosenbasedontheirknowledgeintensityandenvironmentaluncertainty.Knowledgeintensityismeasuredastheratioofproductpricebythetangiblecosts(includingmaterialcostsanddepreciationoffixedassets).Environmentaluncertaintyismeasuredbythechangesintechnology(measuredbythenumberandimportanceofpatents)andproductlifecycle.TheChosenIndustriesEnv.UncertaintyKnowledgeIntensityLowHighHighBankingICDesignLowSteelSemi-conductorFoundryTwelveKnowledgeTypesTwentycompanieswerechosen(fiveineachcategory)forstudy.Valuechainactivitiesareusedtodifferentiate12categoriesofknowledge,suchasrawmaterialacqui