专业_专业属性及判断成熟专业的六条标准_一个社会学角度的分析

XAbstract:TheauthorisinchargeofanempiricalresearchfundedbyNSFCforex2aminingthemanagementconsultingprofessionundertheChinesecontext.Withanef2forttoformulateatheoreticallineforcarryingouttheproject,thisarticleovrseesthefieldofthesociologyoftheprofessionstorenewtheconceptofprofessionandprofes2sionalization,tosumupthetraitsoftheprofessions,andtosummarize6criteriaforeval2uatingamatureprofession.Onthisbasis,theauthorarguesthatthereisstillalackofasetofcriteriaformeasuringtheprofessionallevelsofacertainhumanactivityingeneral.Theauthorthenputsforwardafour2element(occupation,state,society:clientsandthepublic,anduniversity)interactionapproach,whichmayformasetofquantitativecriteriaofmeasurement,andmayleadtoatheoryofthemovementsofprofessionalization.15,20%(Zhao,1997:2),:(Kubr,1986:11):,,,(Black&Mouton,1983:iii),()(Zhao,1997:140-142),,,,/,,,,,/,,,03X:20005(Thesociologyoftheprofessions)(),(),,(Zhao,1997),,,,(pureresearch),,,,,,,,(profession),(Freidson,1994:16-17),:,,;,(institutional)(ideological),(professionalism),(Johnson,1972:45),,(),(marketshelter),(Parkin,1979),(liberalprofessions)(learnedprofessions),(statusprofessions),4(Kimball,1992:5-6;Elliott,1972:1432),,13,,1819(Kimball,1992:9)19,,,;,13,,,,50,,,,,(),,;,/,/()(Reader,1967;Larson,1977;Freidson,1994:18),(),,(laissez2faire),,,,,,(),,(Freidson,1994:17-18;Reader,1967:146-166207-211),,,(Hughes,1971:387-388),,()(Freidson,1994:18),(state2centered)(Rueschemeyer,1986),(Anglo2American)(profession2centered)20,,,,,(Flexner,1915:911;Carr2Saunders&Wilson,1933:507;Kimball,1992:308),(Watkinsetal.,1992):,:,,,(Drury),15(Watkins&Drury,1995:27)1(1995:27-28),,()18,,,:20,,();,23,21,,,:;,;,,(Freidson,1994:16)(Brandeis),(Marty,1988:75)(1933:2):;,,,;,,(),:11(full2time);21,;31,,(1994:13):,,,,,(ascientificknowledgebase)(Kyro,1995:119-123;Larson,1990:25;Freidson,1986:1-17,225;Parsons,1954:37-38),(Kyro):(fortheprofession)(abouttheprofession)(Kyro,1995:123),;,(Zhao,1997:36-37,63,88-89),11,,(A-),(),()()(),,33,11,,,,,,;,,()(),/,,:;()()()()(Zhao,1997:46-48;Freidson,1986:1-17225),,/(sanction):(),(),:(),,,,,43,:(),(),(),,/,,:,,,1933:,(),()()()(,1933,Kimball,1992,315-316),(),(),(rules)(ethi2calcodes),,,,,(1994:62):,,,(),,,,,,??,,(Cullen,1978:14)::,,(,Wilensky,1964;Gross,1958;Caplow,1954):,,,,(,Elliott,1972;Pavalko,1971;Moore,1970;Goode,1960;Greenwood,1957),,,,(,Elliott,1972;Pavalko,1971;Moore,1970),(1978:15)1718,53:17:Akers,1966;Barber,19571963;Caplow,1954;Carr2Saunders&Wilson,1933;Cogan,19531955;Flexner,1915;Foote,1953;Goode,19601969;Greenwood,19571966;Gross,1958;Lewis&Maude,1953;Pavalko,1971;Vollmer&Mills,1966;Wilensky,1964(Moore,1970)(Gallessich,1982),:()(),,;,(criteria)(Moore,1970;Greenwood,1966;Hughes,1958),(Gallessich,1982:40)(Moore,1970)(),(Gallessich,1982:366-368)(Kubr,1986:93-94)(Zhao,1997:35-39)()(),,:11(AFull2TimeCalling)(full2time),(Moore,1970:9),(),(sub2identity),,,()21(ProfessinalOrganization&EthicalCodes)(societies)(associations)(federations),,,;,/(R&D),,31(Knowledge&Education),/,:,;,()()()63(),(anemergingprofession),,,,(on2the2jobtraining),()41(Service&SocialInterestsOrientation),(Gallessich,1982:41),,,,(Kubr,1986:94),(Kubr,1986:94),51(CommunityEnforcement&Sanction),,(Kuber,1986:94),61(Autonomy),,(Gallessich,1982:4)(self2employed),,,,,(Gallessich,1982:368),,:11;21;31,/;41();51();61,73;,,,,,,,,(),21(2),(),,,,,:Akers,R.L.1966,ProfessionalOrganization,PoliticalPower,andOccupationalLaws,UnpublishedPh.D.Dissertation.Ken2tucky:UniversityofKentucky.Barber,B.1957,SocialStratification:AComparativeAnalysisofStructureandProcess,NewYork:Harcourt,BraceandWorld.1963,SomeProblemsintheSociologyoftheProfessions,Daedalus,92.Black,R.R.&Mouton,J.S.1983,Consultation:AHandbookforIndividualandOrganizationDevelopment,Austin,Texas:Sci2entificMethods.Caplow,T.1954,TheSociologyofWork,NewYork:McGraw2Hill.Carr2Saunders,A.M.&Wilson,P.A.1933,TheProfessions,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.Cogan,M.L.1953,TowardsADefinitionofAProfession,HarvardEducationalReview,23.1955,TheProblemofDefiningAProfession,Annals,297.Cullen,J.B.1978,TheStructureofProfessionalism:AQuantitativeExamination,NewYork:PetrocelliBooks.Elliott,P.1972,TheSociologyoftheProfessions,NewYork:HerderandHerder.83,;,,,,,,,Flexner,A.1915,IsSocialWorkAProfession?,SchoolandSociety,26.Foote,N.N.1953,TheProfessionalizationofLabourinDetroit,AmericanJournalofSociology,53.Freidson,E.1986,ProfessionalPowers:TheStudyofInstitutionalizationofFormalKnowledge,Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.1994,ProfessionalismReborn:Theory,Prophecy,andPolicy,Cambridge:PolityPress.Gaallessich,J.1982,TheProfessionandPracticeofConsultation:AHandbookforConsultants,TrainersofConsultants,andConsumersofConsultationServices,SanFrancisco:Jossey2Bass.Goode,W.J.1960,Encroachment,Charlatanism,andtheEmergingProfessions:Psychology,Medicine,andSociology,AmericansociologicalReview,25.1969,TheTheoreticalLimitsofProfessionalization,InA.Etzioni(Ed.),TheSemi2ProfessionsandTheirOrganization,NewYork:TheFreePress.Greenwood,E.1957,AttributesofAProfession,SocialWork,2.1996,TheElementsofProfessionalization,InH.M.Vo