像经济学家一样的思考

©2007ThomsonSouth-Western©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternThinkingLikeanEconomistEveryfieldofstudyhasitsownterminologyMathematics每一研究领域都有自己的术语体系Integrals(积分)axioms(公理)vectorspaces矢量空间Psychology•Ego(自我)id(本我)cognitivedissonance(认知的不一致性)Law•promissoryestoppel禁止翻供torts民事侵权venues(案发地点)Economics•supplyopportunitycostelasticityconsumersurplusdemandcomparativeadvantagedeadweightloss(无谓损失)©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternThinkingLikeanEconomist像经济学家那样思考Economicstrainsyouto....Thinkintermsofalternatives.以可变换的术语思考Evaluatethecostofindividualandsocialchoices.评估个人与社会选择的成本Examineandunderstandhowcertaineventsandissuesarerelated.考察和理解特定事件与问题是相互联系的©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternTHEECONOMISTASASCIENTISTTheeconomicwayofthinking...经济学家思考的方式Involvesthinkinganalyticallyandobjectively.涉及分析性与客观性思考Makesuseofthescientificmethod.采用科学的方法Usesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex,realworldoperates.使用抽象的模型以帮助阐释一个复杂的\真实的世界是如何运行的.Developstheories,collectsandanalyzesdatatoevaluatethetheories.开发出各种理论,收集并分析评估理论的数据.©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternTheScientificMethod:Observation,Theory,andMoreObservation科学方法:观察、理论以及更多的观察•Usesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex,realworldoperates.•使用抽象的模型以帮助阐释一个复杂的\真实的世界是如何运行的.•Developstheories,collectsandanalyzesdatatoevaluatethetheories.开发出各种理论,收集并分析评估理论的数据.©2007ThomsonSouth-Western•Economistsusedifferentassumptionstoanswerdifferentquestions.•经济学家使用不同的假设来回答不同的问题TheRoleofAssumptions©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternHoldotherthingsconstant…•Economistsmakeassumptionsinordertomaketheworldeasiertounderstand.•经济学家采用假设是为了使世界比较容易被理解•Theartinscientificthinkingisdecidingwhichassumptionstomake©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternEconomicModels•Economistsusemodelstosimplifyrealityinordertoimproveourunderstandingoftheworld.•经济学家使用模型来简化现实是为了改善我们对世界的理解。©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternOurFirstModel:AD-ASmodel•Firms-suppliers/producers/--supplyside•Produceandsellgoodsandservices•生产和出售商品与服务•Hireandusefactorsofproduction•雇佣和使用生产要素•Households/demanders/individual—demandside•Buyandconsumegoodsandservices•购买和消费商品与服务•Ownandsellfactorsofproduction•拥有和出售生产要素©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternOurFirstModel:labordemandandlaborsupply•MarketsforGoodsandServices商品与服务市场•Firmssell企业出售•Householdsbuy家庭购买•MarketsforFactorsofProduction生产要素市场•Householdssell家庭出售•Firmsbuy企业购买©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternOurFirstModel:TheCircular-FlowDiagram•FactorsofProduction生产要素•Inputsusedtoproducegoodsandservices•用来生产商品与服务的投入•Land,labor,andcapital•土地、劳动力和资本©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternOurSecondModel:TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier•Theproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisagraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology.•生产可能性边界是展示在可获得的生产要素和生产技术给定的情况下，经济有可能产出的产量之图形。©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternFigure2TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierProductionpossibilitiesfrontierBDAQuantityofCarsProduced2,2006001,00030007002,0003,0001,000QuantityofComputersProducedC©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternOurSecondModel:TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier•Conceptsillustratedbytheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier生产可能性边界所描述的概念•Efficiency效率•Trade-offs权衡取舍•Opportunitycost机会成本•Economicgrowth经济增长©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternFigure3AShiftintheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierQuantityofCarsProduced2,2006002,30065004,0003,0001,000QuantityofComputersProducedAG©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternMicroeconomicsandMacroeconomics•Microeconomicsfocusesontheindividualpartsoftheeconomy.微观经济学关注经济中的个案部分•Howhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinspecificmarkets家庭与企业如何做出决策以及他们如何在特定的市场中相互影响•Macroeconomicslooksattheeconomyasawhole.微观经济学把经济看作一个整体•Economy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowth经济范围现象包括通货膨胀、失业与经济增长。©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternTHEECONOMISTASPOLICYADVISOR作为政策顾问的经济学家•Wheneconomistsaretryingtoexplaintheworld,theyarescientists.•当经济学家试图解释世界时，他们是科学家。•Wheneconomistsaretryingtochangetheworld,theyarepolicyadvisors.•当经济学家试图改变世界时，他们是政策顾问。©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternPositiveversusNormativeAnalysis•Positivestatementsarestatementsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis.实证性描述是试图描述世界到底是什么样的描述•Calleddescriptiveanalysis称为描述性分析•Normativestatementsarestatementsabouthowtheworldshouldbe.规范性描述是有关世界应当是什么样的描述•Calledprescriptiveanalysis称为处方性分析©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternPositiveVersusNormativeAnalysis•Arethefollowingpositiveornormativestatements?•Anincreaseintheminimumwagewillcauseadecreaseinemploymentamongtheleast-skilled.•最低工资的增加将引起无技能或低技能者就业的减少•POSITIVE•Higherfederalbudgetdeficitswillcauseinterestratestoincrease.•更高的联邦预算赤字将导致利率的提高•POSITIVE????©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternPositiveVersusNormativeAnalysis•Arethefollowingpositiveornormativestatements?•下列是实证性陈述还是规范性陈述？•Theincomegainsfromahigherminimumwageareworthmorethananyslightreductionsinemployment.•来自更高的最低工资水平所获得的收入获益要比就业的任何轻微减少都更有价值。•NORMATIVE•Stategovernmentsshouldbeallowedtocollectfromtobaccocompaniesthecostsoftreatingsmoking-relatedillnessesamongthepoor.州政府应当被获许向烟草公司收取治疗穷人与吸烟有关之疾病的费用。•NORMATIVE???©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternEconomistsinWashington•...serveasadvisersinthepolicymakingprocessofthethreebranchesofgovernment:•华盛顿的经济学家作为治理政体