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当前位置:首页 > 金融/证券 > 股票报告 > 北大光华证券投资学第8章(10年春)
第八章债券定价与风险管理2主要内容利率风险久期凸性消极的债券组合管理3这里所谓的风险管理,是针对债券的利率风险控制,而债券本身的风险(例如,违约风险)不在讨论范围之内。4积极策略(Activestrategy):attemptstoachievereturnsgreaterthantothosecommensuratewiththeriskborne.TradeoninterestratepredictionsTradeonmarketinefficiencies消极策略(Passivestrategy):takesmarketpricesofsecuritiesasfairlyset.ControlriskBalanceriskandreturn管理固定收益证券的基本策略:1、利率风险6利率风险当利率上涨和下降时,债券持有者就会面临资金损失和收益。这些损失或者收益使得在债券投资中,即使利息和本金支付能够保证得到(例如国债),投资者也面临风险。7利率风险为什么利率变动时,债券价格会变动?在一个完全竞争市场中,所有的证券提供的都是公平合理的期望回报率(fairexpectedratesofreturn)。8利率风险例子:一种债券,息率为8%。如果市场的竞争收益率为8%,则它的价格为面值。如果市场竞争收益率上升为9%,则债券价格将下降,以使得总期望回报率为9%。如果市场的竞争收益率下降为7%,则债券价格将上升,以使得总期望回报率为9%。9利率风险:折价债券Whenbondpricesaresetaccordingtothepresentvalueformula,anydiscountfromparvalueprovidesananticipatedcapitalgainthatwillaugmentabelow-marketcouponratejustsufficientlytoprovideafairtotalrateofreturn.10利率风险:溢价债券Ifthecouponrateexceedsthemarketinterestrate,theinterestincomebyitselfisgreaterthanavailableelsewhereinthemarket.Thepriceisgreaterthantheparvalue,theresultingcapitallossesoffsetthelargecouponpaymentssothattheinvestorreceiveonlyafairrateofreturn.11利率风险:公平合理的期望回报率Eachbondoffersinvestorsthefairtotalrateofreturn.Althoughthecapitalgainversusincomecomponentsdiffer,thepriceofeachbondissettoprovidecompetitiverates,asweshouldexpectinwell-functioningcapitalmarkets.12利率风险债券价格受市场的影响,市场利率波动是固定收入证券市场的主要风险根源。价格和收益率之间的反向关系:Theinverserelationshipbetweenpriceandyieldisacentralfeatureoffixed-incomesecurities.决定价格对利率波动敏感度一个关键因素是到期日。Interestratefluctuationsrepresentthemainsourceofriskinthefixed-incomemarket,andonekeyfactorthatdeterminesthatsensitivityisthematurityofthebond.Ageneralruleinevaluatingbondpriceriskisthat,keepingallotherfactorsthesame,thelongerthematurityofthebond,thegreaterthesensitivityofpricetofluctuationsintheinterestrate.Thisiswhyshort-termTreasurysecuritiessuchasT-billsareconsideredtobethesafest.Theyarefreenotonlyofdefaultrisk,butalsolargelyfreeofpriceriskattributabletointerestratevolatility.到期日是唯一因素吗?13债券定价定理:定性描述利率风险债券定价定理:说明市场收益变化和价格变动之间的关系(定性描述)。假设每年支付一次利息,以到期收益为研究对象:14债券定价定理:定性描述利率风险1.如果债券的市场价格上升,则收益下降;反过来,如果债券价格下降,则收益上升。15债券定价定理:定性描述利率风险2.如果债券的收益在到期日之前不变,则它的折价或者酬金的规模将随着到期日的接近而下降。TodayMaturityDateParValuePriceofapremiumbondPriceofadiscountbondpremiumdiscount16债券定价定理:定性描述利率风险3.如果债券的收益在到期日之前不变,则它的折价或者酬金的规模变化速度随着到期日的靠近加快。4.当债券的收益上升和下降相同的数量时,收益上升导致价格下降的规模,小于收益下降导致价格上升的规模。(凸性)17ChangeinBondPriceasaFunctionofChangeinYieldtoMaturity18债券定价定理:定性描述利率风险5.长期债券的价格对利率变化的敏感度大于短期债券的敏感度。即,长期债券有更大的利率风险。6.债券的息率越高,由收益变化导致的价格变化的百分比越小。19例子BondG:couponrate=7%,yield=7%,P=1000BondH:couponrate=9%,yield=7%,P=1082whenyieldchangetobe8%bondG:price1000960.03,3.993%bondH:price10821039.933.889%20债券定价定理:定性描述利率风险7.债券发行时的初始到期收益越低,则它对收益变化的敏感度越大。债券价格对市场利率变化的敏感度受三个关键因素的影响:到期日,息率,到期收益2、Duration22仅仅只用到期日描述利率风险是不够的债券定价定理说明,到期日是决定利率风险的主要因素,但是,仅仅只有到期日不能完全度量债券价格对利率的敏感度。例如债券B、C23例子:息率8%的债券(每年支付两次)与零息债券YieldtomaturityT=1yearT=10yearsT=20years8%1000100010009990.64934.96907.99Changeinprice0.94%6.5%9.20%YieldtomaturityT=1yearT=10yearsT=20years8%924.56456.39208.299915.73414.64171.93Changeinprice0.96%9.15%17.46%24例子说明这里的到期日并不是债券长期或者短期的完美度量。有效到期日:Becauseweknowthatlongtermbondsaremoresensitivetointerestratemovementsthanareshorttermbonds,insomesenseazerocouponbondrepresentsalonger-termbondthananequal-time-maturitycouponbond.Thisistheinsightabouteffectivematurity.25例子说明:有效到期日比较20年到期的零息债券和带息债券(8%couponrate)。The20-year8%bondmakesmanycouponpayments,mostofwhichcomeyearsbeforethebond’smaturitydate.Eachofthesepaymentsmaybeconsideredtohaveitsown“maturitydate”,andtheeffectivematurityofthebondisthereforesomesortofaverageofthematuritiesofallthecashflowspaidoutbythebond.Thezero-couponbond,bycontrast,makesonlyonepaymentatmaturity.Itstimetomaturityisawelldefinedconcept.26例子说明:有效到期日Todealwiththeambiguityofthe‘maturity’ofabondmakingmanypayments,weneedameasureoftheaveragematurityofthebond’spromisedcashflowstoserveasausefulsummarystatisticoftheeffectivematurityofthebond.Wewouldlikealsotousethemeasureasaguidetothesensitivityofabondtointerestratechanges.27Duration这里表示在时间接受的现金流的现值,利用债券的到期收益作为折现率得到。表示债券现在的市场价格。表示债券剩下的距到期日的时间。01PtCPVDTtttCPVt0PT28Cashflowspaidby9%coupon,annualpaymentbondwith8-yearmaturityand10y-t-m298%BondTimeyearsPaymentPVofCF(5%perperiod)WeightC1XC40.54038.095.0395.019714036.281.0376.03761.52.0401040sum34.553855.611964.540.0358.88711.000.05371.77421.8852DurationCalculation:Example30Duration当到期收益保持不变时,证券组合duration是单个债券duration的加权和TttCPVP10TtttPCPVD1031DurationDuration在固定收益投资组合管理中的作用测量证券组合有效平均到期日的统计量度量证券组合对利率的敏感度(定量刻画)anessentialtoolinimmunizingportfoliosfrominterestraterisk32Duration和股票价格变化之间的关系这里表示债券价格的变化是债券的初始价格是到期收益的变化是初始的到期收益yyDPP1PPyy33例子Bond:couponrate8%,yieldtomaturity8%,parvalue1000,price1000,duration10whenyieldtomaturity8%9%34Whatdeterminesduration?35Ruleforduration1.零息债券的duration等于其到期日2.到期日保持不变,息率越低,duration越高3.息率不变,到期日越大,duration一般越大。对等价或者溢价发行的债券,上述关系总是成立4.别的因素不变,到期收益越低,带息债券的duration越高。36RulesforDuration(cont’d)5.永久性现金流的duration
本文标题:北大光华证券投资学第8章(10年春)
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