政治经济学批判(1)

KarlMarx'sAContributiontotheCritiqueofPoliticalEconomyWritten:1859Publisher:ProgressPublishers,MoscowFirstPublished:1859Translated:S.W.RyazanskayaOn-LineVersion:Marx.org1993(Preface,1993),Marxists.org1999Transcribed:TimDelaney,ZodiacHTMLMarkup:TimDelaney1999CONTENTSPrefaceChapter1:TheCommodityNoteA.HistoricalNotesontheAnalysisofCommoditiesChapter2:MoneyorSimpleCirculation1.MeasureofValueNoteB.TheoriesoftheStandardofMoney2.MediumofExchangea)TheMetamorphosisofCommoditiesb)TheCirculationofMoneyc)CoinsandTokensofValue3.Moneya)Hoardingb)MeansofPaymentc)WorldMoneyTableofContents(1of2)[23/08/200017:06:55]4.ThePreciousMetalsNoteC.TheoriesofthetheMediumofCirculationandofMoneyAppendicesI.KarlMarx:Production,Consumption,Distribution,Exchange(Circulation)1.Production2.TheGeneralRelationsofProductiontoDistribution,Exhange,andConsumptiona.[ProductionandConsumption]b.[ProductionandDistribution]c.Lastly,ExchangeandCirculation3.TheMethodofPoliticalEconomy4.ProductionII.F.Engels:KarlMarx.AContributiontotheCritiqueofPoliticalEconomy(Review)MarxistWritersArchiveTableofContents(2of2)[23/08/200017:06:55]KarlMarx'sACONTRIBUTIONTOTHECRITIQUEOFPOLITICALECONOMYPrefaceIexaminethesystemofbourgeoiseconomyinthefollowingorder:capital,landedproperty,wage-labour;theState,foreigntrade,worldmarket.Theeconomicconditionsofexistenceofthethreegreatclassesintowhichmodernbourgeoissocietyisdividedareanalysedunderthefirstthreeheadings;theinterconnectionoftheotherthreeheadingsisself-evident.Thefirstpartofthefirstbook,dealingwithCapital,comprisesthefollowingchapters:1.Thecommodity,2.Moneyorsimplecirculation;3.Capitalingeneral.Thepresentpartconsistsofthefirsttwochapters.Theentirematerialliesbeforemeintheformofmonographs,whichwerewrittennotforpublicationbutforself-clarificationatwidelyseparatedperiods;theirremouldingintoanintegratedwholeaccordingtotheplanIhaveindicatedwilldependuponcircumstances.Ageneralintroduction,whichIhaddrafted,isomitted,sinceonfurtherconsiderationitseemstomeconfusingtoanticipateresultswhichstillhavetobesubstantiated,andthereaderwhoreallywishestofollowmewillhavetodecidetoadvancefromtheparticulartothegeneral.Afewbriefremarksregardingthecourseofmystudyofpoliticalappropriatehere.AlthoughIstudiedjurisprudence,Ipursueditasasubjectsubordinatedtophilosophyandhistory.Intheyear1842-43,aseditoroftheRheinischeZeitung,Ifirstfoundmyselfintheembarrassingpositionofhavingtodiscusswhatisknownasmaterialinterests.ThedeliberationsoftheRhenishLandtagonforesttheftsandthedivisionoflandedproperty;theofficialspolemicstartedbyHerrvonSchaper,thenOberprasidentoftheRhineProvince,againsttheRheinischeZeitungabouttheconditionoftheMosellepeasantry,andfinallythedebatesonfreetradeandprotectivetariffscausedmeinthefirstinstancetoturnmyattentiontoeconomicquestions.Ontheotherhand,atthattimewhengoodintentionstopushforwardoftentooktheplaceoffactualknowledge,anechoofFrenchsocialismandcommunism,slightlytingedbyphilosophy,wasnoticeableintheRheinischeZeitung.Iobjectedtothisdilettantism,butatthesametimefranklyadmittedinacontroversywiththeAllgemeineAugsburgerZeitungthatmypreviousstudiesdidnotallowmetoexpressanyopiniononthecontentoftheFrenchtheories.WhenthepublishersoftheRheinischeZeitungconceivedtheillusionthatbyamorecompliantpolicyonthepartofthepaperitmightbepossibletosecuretheabrogationofthedeathsentencepasseduponit,Ieagerlygraspedtheopportunitytowithdrawfromthepublicstagetomystudy.ThefirstworkwhichIundertooktodispelthedoubtsassailingmewasacriticalre-examinationoftheHegelianphilosophyoflaw;theintroductiontothisworkbeingpublishedintheDeutsch-FranzosischeJahrbucherissuedinParisin1844.Myinquiryledmetotheconclusionthatneitherlegalrelationsnorpoliticalformscouldbecomprehendedwhetherbythemselvesoronthebasisofaso-calledgeneraldevelopmentofthehumanmind,butthatonthecontrarytheyoriginateinthematerialconditionsoflife,thetotalityofwhichHegel,followingtheexampleofEnglishandFrenchthinkersoftheeighteenthcentury,embraceswithinthetermcivilsociety;thattheanatomyofthiscivilsociety,however,hastobesoughtinpoliticaleconomy.Thestudyofthis,whichIbeganinParis,IcontinuedinBrussels,whereIPreface(1of3)[23/08/200017:06:58]movedowingtoanexpulsionorderissuedbyM.Guizot.ThegeneralconclusionatwhichIarrivedandwhich,oncereached,becametheguidingprincipleofmystudiescanbesummarisedasfollows.Inthesocialproductionoftheirexistence,meninevitablyenterIntodefiniterelations,whichareindependentoftheirwill,namelyrelationsofproductionappropriatetoagivenstageinthedevelopmentoftheirmaterialforcesofproduction.Thetotalityoftheserelationsofproductionconstitutestheeconomicstructureofsociety,therealfoundation,onwhicharisesalegalandpoliticalsuperstructureandtowhichcorresponddefiniteformsofsocialconsciousness.Themodeofproductionofmateriallifeconditionsthegeneralprocessofsocial,politicalandintellectuallife.Itisnottheconsciousnessofmentha