经典教材成本会计第20章(CMA必备)

CHAPTER20InventoryManagement,Just-in-Time,andBackflushCosting20-2ToaccompanyCostAccounting12e,byHorngren/Datar/Foster.Copyright©2006byPearsonEducation.Allrightsreserved.InventoryManagementinRetailOrganizationsInventoryManagementisplanning,coordinating,andcontrollingactivitiesrelatedtotheflowofinventoryinto,through,andoutofanorganization20-3ToaccompanyCostAccounting12e,byHorngren/Datar/Foster.Copyright©2006byPearsonEducation.Allrightsreserved.CostsAssociatedwithGoodsforSaleManaginginventoriestoincreasenetincomerequireseffectivelymanagingcoststhatfallintothesefivecategories:1.PurchasingCosts2.OrderingCosts3.CarryingCosts4.StockoutCosts5.QualityCosts20-4ToaccompanyCostAccounting12e,byHorngren/Datar/Foster.Copyright©2006byPearsonEducation.Allrightsreserved.ManagementofInventoryCosts1.PurchasingCosts–thecostofgoodsacquiredfromsuppliers,includingfreight2.OrderingCosts–thecostsofpreparingandissuingpurchaseorders;receivingandinspectingtheitemsincludedintheorders;andmatchinginvoicesreceived,purchaseorders,anddeliveryrecordstomakepayments20-5ToaccompanyCostAccounting12e,byHorngren/Datar/Foster.Copyright©2006byPearsonEducation.Allrightsreserved.ManagementofInventoryCosts3.CarryingCosts–thecoststhatarisewhileholdinginventoryofgoodsforsale.Thisincludestheopportunitycostoftheinvestmenttiedupininventory,andcostsassociatedwithstorage4.StockoutCosts–thecoststhatresultwhenacompanyrunsoutofaparticularitemforwhichthereiscustomerdemand(stockout)andthecompanymustactquicklytomeetthedemandorsufferthecostsofnotmeetingit20-6ToaccompanyCostAccounting12e,byHorngren/Datar/Foster.Copyright©2006byPearsonEducation.Allrightsreserved.ManagementofInventoryCosts5.QualityCosts–thecoststhatresultwhenfeaturesandcharacteristicsofaproductorservicearenotinconformancewithcustomerspecifications.Thesecostsinclude:1.Prevention2.Appraisal3.InternalFailure4.ExternalFailure20-7ToaccompanyCostAccounting12e,byHorngren/Datar/Foster.Copyright©2006byPearsonEducation.Allrightsreserved.TheFirstStepinManagingGoodsforSaleThefirstdecisioninmanaginggoodsforsaleishowmuchtoorderofagivenproductEconomicOrderQuality(EOQ)isadecisionmodelthatcalculatestheoptimalquantityofinventorytoorderunderagivensetofassumptions20-8ToaccompanyCostAccounting12e,byHorngren/Datar/Foster.Copyright©2006byPearsonEducation.Allrightsreserved.BasicEOQAssumptionsThereareonlyorderingandcarryingcostsThesamequantityisorderedateachreorderpointDemand,purchase-orderleadtime,orderingcosts,andcarryingcostsareknownwithcertaintyPurchasingcostsperunitareunaffectedbythequantityorderedNostockoutsoccurEOQignorespurchasingcosts,stockoutcosts,andqualitycosts20-9ToaccompanyCostAccounting12e,byHorngren/Datar/Foster.Copyright©2006byPearsonEducation.Allrightsreserved.EOQFormulaD=DemandinunitsforspecifiedperiodP=RelevantorderingcostsperpurchaseorderC=RelevantcarryingcostsofoneunitinstockforthetimeperiodusedforD2DPC√EOQ=20-10ToaccompanyCostAccounting12e,byHorngren/Datar/Foster.Copyright©2006byPearsonEducation.Allrightsreserved.OrderingPointsTheseconddecisioninmanaginggoodsforsaleiswhentoorderagivenproductReorderPoint–thequantitylevelofinventoryonhandthattriggersanewpurchaseorderReorderNumberofunitssoldPurchaseOrderPointperunitoftimeLeadTimeX=20-11ToaccompanyCostAccounting12e,byHorngren/Datar/Foster.Copyright©2006byPearsonEducation.Allrightsreserved.InventoryManagementandSafetyStockSafetyStockisinventoryheldatalltimesregardlessofthequantityofinventoryorderedusingtheEOQmodelSafetystockisabufferagainstunexpectedincreasesindemand,uncertaintyaboutleadtime,andunavailabilityofstockfromsuppliers20-12ToaccompanyCostAccounting12e,byHorngren/Datar/Foster.Copyright©2006byPearsonEducation.Allrightsreserved.EstimatingInventory-RelatedRelevantCostsCarryingCostsStockoutCostsOrderingCosts20-13ToaccompanyCostAccounting12e,byHorngren/Datar/Foster.Copyright©2006byPearsonEducation.Allrightsreserved.CarryingCostsRelevantinventorycarryingcostsconsistofrelevantincrementalcostsandtherelevantopportunitycostofcapitalRelevantIncrementalCosts–thosecostsofthepurchasingfirmthatchangewiththequantityofinventoryheld20-14ToaccompanyCostAccounting12e,byHorngren/Datar/Foster.Copyright©2006byPearsonEducation.Allrightsreserved.OpportunityCostsRelevantOpportunityCostofCapital–thereturnforgonebyinvestingcapitalininventoryratherthanelsewhere.Thiscostequalstherequiredrateofreturnmultipliedbytheunitcoststhatvarywiththenumberofunitspurchasedandareincurredatthetimetheunitsarereceived20-15ToaccompanyCostAccounting12e,byHorngren/Datar/Foster.Copyright©2006byPearsonEducation.Allrightsreserved.CostofaPredictionErrorThreestepsindeterminingthecostofapredictionerror:1.Computethemonetaryoutcomefromthebestactionthatcouldbetaken,giventheactualamountofthecostperpurchaseorder2.Computethemonetaryoutcomefromthebestactionbasedontheincorrectamountofthepredictedcostperpurchaseorder3.ComputethedifferencebetweenSteps1&220-16ToaccompanyCostAccounting12e,byHorngren/Datar/Foster.Copyright©2006byPearsonEducation.Allrightsreserved.Just-in-TimePurchasingJust-in-Ti