经济学常用名词

稀缺scarcity自由物品Freegoods经济物品Economicgoods经纪人Economicman理性行为Rationalbehavior如果其他条件不变Ceterisparibus效率Efficiency公平Equity资源配置Allocationofresources交换Exchange市场经济Marketeconomy‘看不见的手’Aninvisiblehand经济自由Economicliberty自由放任Laissezfarie计划经济Plannedeconomy合约Contract，agreement需求Demand供给Supply价格Price均衡Equilibrium市场出清Marketcleaning一价定律Lawofoneprice弹性Elasticity边际Margin消费者主权Consumersovereignty生产者主权Producersovereignty机会集合Opportunityset预算约束与时间约束Budgetconstraintandtimeconstraint偏好Preference效用Uility网络效应Networkeffect价值悖论Valueparadox替代效应Substitutioneffect收入效应Incomeeffect替代品Substitutiongoods互补品Complementarygoods正常商品与低档商品Normalgoodsandinferiorgoods吉芬商品Giffengoods消费者剩余Consumerssurplus闲暇Leisure企业Firm企业家Enrepreneur新经济Neweconomy小业主制Singleproprietorship，soleproprietorship合伙制Partnership股份公司Corporation，limitedcompany公司治理Corporategovernance生产可能性边界Productionpossibilityfrontier投入Input产出Output成本Cost机会成本Opportunitycost沉淀成本Depositedcost固定成本Fixedcosts变动成本Variablecosts销售成本Sellingcosts要素成本Factorcost正常利润Normalprofit超额利润Super-normalprofit利润最大化Profitmaximization范围经济Economiesofscope规模经济Economiesofscale市场权力Marketpower竞争Competition完全竞争Perfectcompetition垄断Monopoly自然垄断Naturalmonopoly垄断竞争Monopolisticcompetiton寡头Oligopoly买方寡头Oligopsony勾结Collusion卡特尔Cartel托拉斯Trust兼并Merger产品差别Productdifferentiation劫掠性定价Perdatorypricing公用事业定价Publicuilitypricing引致需求Deriveddemand要素替代Factorsubstitution工资Wage非竞争集团Non_competinggroups货币的时间价值Thetimevalueofmoney利息Interest租金Rent时间的价值Thevalueoftime迂回生产方式Roundaboutmethodsofproduction资产专用性Assetspecificity资本Capital固定资本Fixedcapital流动资本Circulatingcapital人力资本Humancapital人口红利Demographicdividend资本形成Capitalformation资本利用程度Capitalutilization排队配给Rationingbyqueues歧视Discrimination制度Institution交易成本Transactioncost激励Incentive产权Propertyrights公地的悲剧Tragedyofthecommons路径依赖Pathdependence博弈论Gametheory囚徒困境Prisoner’sdilemma集体行动Collectiveaction不确定性Uncertainty风险Risk保险Insurance预期Expectations适应性预期Adaptiveexpectations理性预期Rationalexpectations搜寻Search信息不对称Asymmetryofinformation委托人与代理人Principalandagent逆向选择Adverseselection道德陷阱Moralhazard信号显示Signaling欺骗Cheat外部性Externalities公共物品Publicgoods搭便车Free-riding市场失灵Marketfailure政府失灵Publicfailure管制Regulation寻租Rentseeking最终产品与中间产品Finalgoodsandintermediategoods收入循环流量Circularflowofincome财富Wealth国民生产总值Grossnationalproduct，GNP国内生产总值Grossdomesticproduct，GDP可支配收入Disposablepersonalincome生活费用Coseofliving生活标准Standaradofliving恩格尔系数Engelcoefficient基尼系数Ginicoefficient帕累托最优Paretooptimality领先于滞后Leadsandlags总需求与总供给Aggregatedemandandaggregatesupply劳动力Labor外包Outsourcing失业Unemployment自愿失业Voluntaryunemployment非自愿失业Involuntaryunemployment充分就业Fullemployment季节性失业Seasonalunemployment摩擦性失业Frictionalunemployment结构性失业Structuralunemployment周期性失业Cyclicalunemployment就业不足Under-employment通货膨胀Inflation需求拉动通货膨胀Demand-pullinflation通货紧缩Deflation投资Investment人力资本投资Investmenttohumancapital本能冲动Animalspirit示范效应Demonstrationeffect被迫储蓄Forcedsaving经济周期Businesscycle节俭悖论Paradoxofthrift大萧条Thegreatdepression凯恩斯革命Keynesianrevolution菜单成本Menucost财政幻觉Fiscalillusion预算平衡Balancedbudget宏观调控Macro-economiccontrolmeasures转移支付Transferpayment公共财政Publicfinance福利国家Welfarestate免费午餐Freelunch附税归宿Incidenceoftaxation财产税个人所得税Taxationofincome增值税Value-addedtax货币Money货币流通速度Velocityofmoney货币需求Demandformoney货币幻觉Moneyillusion中央银行Centralbank债券Bond股票Stock套利Arbitrage期权Option金本位制Goldstandrad复本位制Bimerallism经济增长Economicgrowth增长的极限Limitstogrowth零经济增长Zeroeconomicgrowth工业化Industrialization基础设施Infrastructure多变贸易Multilateraltrade国际贸易差额Balanceofinternationaltrade绝对优势Absoluteadvantage比较优势Comoparativeadvantage中国价格Thechinaprice自由贸易与保护主义Freetradeandprotectionism关税Tariffs关税的消费效应Consumptioneffectoftariff限额Quotas贸易补贴Tradesubsides自给自足Aurarky商品倾销Dumping进口替代Importsubstitution经济一体化Economicintegration关税同盟CustomsunionWTOWorldtradeorganization汇率Exchangerates世界银行Worldbank国际货币基金组织Internationalmonetaryfund华盛顿共识Washingtonconsensus欧洲美元市场Euro-dollarmarkets热钱Hotmoney风险资本Venturecapital，riskcapital泡沫Bubbles本文来自:人大经济论坛经济人休闲吧版，详细出处参考：=583632&page=1