英语语法Lecture-35-36

Lecture35DirectandIndirectSpeechorReportedSpeechSummaryofconditionalsentences1.4typesofconditionalsentencesandtheirvariants2.Mixedconditional3.LeavingoutifFocusonWhataredirectspeechandreportedspeech?Transformationofdirectspeechintoreportedspeech.Reported/IndirectSpeechReportedSpeech(alsoreferredtoas'indirectspeech')referstoasentencereportingwhatsomeonehassaid.Ifthereportingverb(i.e.said)isinthepast,thereportedclauseisinapastform.Thisformisusuallyonestepbackintothepastfromtheoriginal.DirectSpeechorReportedSpeechShesaid:“Thisfilmisquiteinteresting.”Shesaidthatthatfilmwasquiteinteresting.“Finishtheprojecttomorrow.’hesaidtome.Heaskedmetofinishtheprojectthenextday.Thechangeofverbtense1.Ifthereportingverbisinthepresenttense,thentheverbintheindirectspeechhasnochangeintenseandcase.Thechangesfromdirectspeechtoreportedspeech2.ThereportingverbisinthepasttenseThechangeofverbtenseonestepbackintothepastfromtheoriginalDirectspeechReportedSpeechSimplepresentSimplepastSimplefutureFutureinthepastPresentcontinuousPastcontinuousSimplepastPastperfectPresentperfectPastperfectPresentperfectcontinuousPastperfectcontinuousPastperfectPastperfect2.1Presenttimeback-shiftedtothepastIfthereportingverbisinthepasttense,thentheverbintheindirectspeechshouldbeputtoitspastfurther.Hesaid,“Thecommitteearequarrellingamongthemselves.”Hesaidthecommitteewerequarrellingamongthemselves.Hesaid,“Thesecretaryhasturneddowntheproposal.”Hesaidthesecretaryhadturneddowntheproposal.Butinthefollowingoccasion,theverbintheindirectspeechdoesn’tchange.a)Whenwhatisreportedisatimelessfact,scientifictruth,presenthabitoraproverb,nochangesarenecessaryHesaid,“Theword‘laser’isanacronym.Hesaidtheword“laser”isanacronym.b)Whentheverbinthedirectspeechisabe-subjunctive.“Isuggestthemeetingbeputofftillnextweek,”hesaid.Hesuggestedthemeetingbeputofftillthenextweek.c)Whenthestatementisstillvalidatthetimeofreporting.“I’mforty,”hesaid.Hesaidheisforty.d)Whentheverbphraseinthedirectspeechcontainsamodalauxiliarythathasnotapastform.Hesaid,“Itmustbeprettylate.Ireallymustgo.”Hesaiditmustbeprettylate,andhereallymustgo.2.2.Pasttimeback-shiftedtopastinthepastMaynottakeplacewhen1)pastinthepastisselfexplanatory;2)theverbformispastprogressive;3)theverbformispastperfective;4)thesimplepastandpastprogressiveexpresshypotheticalmeaningand5)thesimplepastandpastprogressiveintemporalclausesmayremainunchanged.2.3Futuretimeback-shiftedtofutureinthepastWill----wouldMaynottakeplacewhenthefutureeventisyettocomeHesaid,“Iwillbe12nextmonth”.3Otherchanges1)pronoun:thefirst/secondpersonpronounshouldbechangedtothethirdpersonorthesecondpersonpronounintotothefirstpersonpronoun.Hesaid,“Weloveourcountry.”Hesaidtheylovetheircountry.Daveasked,Wheredidyougolastweekend?DaveaskedmewhereIhadgonethepreviousweekend.Demonstrativepronounanddeterminer:thisthat/itthesethose/they/them2)Thechangesoftimeadverbial1.Hesaid,“Itwascompletedayearago.”2.Hesaidithadbeencompletedayearbefore.3.Todaythatday4.Thismorning/afternoonthatmorning/afternoon5.TomorrowthefollowingdayYesterdaythedaybefore,thepreviousdayThedaybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbeforeTomorrowthefollowing/nextdayThedayaftertomorrowtwodaysafter,intwodaystime.Nextweek/month,etcthenextweek/month,etcLastweek/monththeweek/monthbeforeNowthenDirectspeechReportedSpeechtodaytheday/yesterday/onMonday,etc.tomorrowthenextday/thefollowingday/onFriday,etcyesterdaythedaybefore/thepreviousday/onTuesday,etcnextmonththemonthafter/thefollowingmonth/inJuly,etclastyeartheyearbefore/thepreviousyear,etcaweekagoaweekbefore/aweekearlier,etc.ExercisePutthefollowingintoindirectspeech1“Inmostcountriesredstandsfordanger,”saidMr.Jackson.2“IwishIhadsixweeksforaholiday,”saidMrJones.TheindirectspeechininterrogativesentencesIntroductorywordofindirectquestionsDirectspeechIndirectspeech“Whether”,“if’IngeneralquestionWhether,alternativequestionHesaidtome,“MayIgo?”Heaskedmeifhemightgo.Usethe“Wh-”specialquestionHeaskedme,“Whatisyourname?”Heaskedmewhatmynamewas.CommunicativefunctionofindirectspeechInquestionswhichareusedtomakearequest,anoffer,asuggestionortogiveapieceofadvice,appropriatelexicalverbsshouldbeusedtoturnthesequestionsintoindirectspeech.1)ask,advise,want,etctomakearequestorgiveadvice;2)suggesttomakeasuggestion;“whynot…”hesuggestedthat…3)offertomakeanoffer1Areyoubeingattendedto,sir?2Whyisyourmotherdrivingsofast?3Whynottakemoreexercise?HeaskedmeifIwasbeingattendedto.Heaskedwhymymotherwasdrivingsofast.Hesuggestedtakingmoreexercise.Exerciseverb(+object)+infinitive/verb+that-clause/verb+ing-participleask,order,tell,beg,warn,remind,adviseshouldbeused.“Leavetheroomquietly.”Hetoldmetoleavetheroomquietly.“Becarefulwiththedog.”Iwarnedyoutobecarefulwiththedog.IndirectcommandExercisePutthefollowingintoindirectspeech,usingtheverbinthebracket:1Climbinthroughthewindow.(order)Heorderedmeto…2Don’tletitboilover.(warn)Hewarnedmenotto…3Washitinlukewarmwater.(recommend)Herecommendedmeto…Indirectexclamations1)Use“what”,“how”,“that”asintroductoryword“Whatalovelyhouse!”Heremarkedwhatalovelyhousei